Ex. 23. Say to what conclusion you have come after having read the text “Medication”.

OVERVIEW

Diabetes mellitus occurs as a result of inadequate secretion of insulin. There are two types of diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is also known as type I; and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is known as type II. Viral infection and heredity play definite role in diabetes onset. The symptoms of diabetes mellitus are increased thirst, increased urination, weight loss, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, skin infections, and bladder infections. Diabetes mellitus often is treated by administration of insulin by injection. In some cases diabetes mellitus can be treated by administering drugs that stimulate beta cells to secrete more insulin.

 

LESSON 48

REVISION

I. Read and translate one of the following texts:

Text A

THYROID DISEASES

The diagnosis of a thyroid abnormality in function or a thyroid mass is made by taking a medical history and a physical examination. Specifically, your doctor will examine your neck and ask you to lift up your chin to make your thyroid gland more prominent. You may be asked to swallow during the examination, which helps to feel the thyroid and any mass in it. Other tests your doctor may order include: an ultrasound examination of your neck and thyroid; blood tests of thyroid function; a radioactive thyroid scan; a fine needle aspiration biopsy; and a chest X-ray.

Abnormalities of thyroid function (hyper or hypothyroidism) are usually treated medically. If there is insufficient production of thyroid hormone, this may be given in a form of a thyroid hormone pill taken daily. Hyperthyroidism is treated mostly by medical means, but occasionally it may require the surgical removal of the thyroid gland.

If there is a lump of the thyroid or a diffused enlargement (goiter), your doctor will propose a treatment plan based on the examination and your test results. Most thyroid "lumps" are benign. Often they may be treated with thyroid hormone, and this is called "suppression" therapy. The object of this treatment is to attempt shrinkage of the mass over time, usually three-six months. If the lump continues to grow during treatment when you are taking the medication, most doctors will recommend removal of the affected lump.

If the fine needle aspiration is reported as suspicious for or suggestive of cancer, then thyroid surgery is required.

Text B

ALLERGY

Allergies are the result of a response by the body's immune system to agents it perceives as possibly dangerous. Allergy-producing substances are called “allergens”. Allergens may be present in certain medications, in parts of plants, in house dust, in animal dander, in molds, in fungi, in foods, and in insect venom. To understand the language of allergy it is important to remember that allergens are substances that are foreign to the body and can cause an allergic reaction in certain people.

When an allergen comes in contact with the body, it causes the immune system to develop an allergic reaction in persons who are allergic to it. When you inappropriately react to allergens that are normally harmless to other people, you are having an allergic reaction and can be referred to as allergic or atopic.

The word allergy is derived from the Greek words “allos”, meaning different or changed and “ergos”, meaning work or action. Austrian pediatrician Clemens Pirquet (1874-1929) first used the term allergy in 1905 to describe the adverse reactions of children who were given repeated shots of horse serum to fight infection. The following year, the term allergy was proposed to explain this unexpected “changed reactivity”.

The aim of the immune system is to mobilize its forces at the site of invasion and destroy the enemy. One of the ways it does this is to create protective proteins called antibodies. These antibodies, or immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD), help to destroy a foreign particle by attaching to its surface, thereby making it easier for other immune cells to destroy it. The allergic person however, develops a specific type of antibody called immunoglobulin E, or IgE, in response to certain normally harmless foreign substances. To summarize, immunoglobulins are a group of protein molecules that act as antibodies. There are 5 different types: IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD, and IgE. IgE is the allergy antibody.

Most people are susceptible to skin allergies or reactions at some time during their lives. The most common such sensitivity is to plants such as poison ivy or poison oak. In susceptible individuals, contact with one of these plants produces an itchy, blistering rash. Another type of allergy causes swelling of tissues beneath the skin or in the throat for no apparent reason. All of these discomforts are caused by histamines and other chemicals released into the skin or under the lining of the throat or bronchial passages as a result of allergic response. The common skin allergies are dermatitis, hives, and angioedema.

Allergies of the respiratory tract often produce symptoms that are similar to those of a cold: headache, stuffy or runny nose, cough, and sneezes. All respiratory allergies represent responses of the immune system to airborne allergens. The most common respiratory allergies are hay fever, allergies to mold, dander and dust, and asthma.

Allergies to foods, drugs, and insect stings may be the result of antibody responses to allergens that have come into contact with the internal systems of the body. The symptoms may range from a simple rash to a systemic reaction involving the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Text C

TUBERCULOSIS

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a chronic bacterial infection. It can develop after a person inhales droplets sprayed into the air (as from a cough or sneeze) by someone infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Good ventilation and exposure to sunlight decrease the risk of exposure.

If a person is exposed to the TB bacterium, the organism may gain entry to the lungs. If a person is infected, usually no symptoms (cough that produces discolored or bloody sputum, pain with breathing or coughing, and pain in the spine or large joints, fatigue, and night sweats) are apparent initially, although there may be a mild cough and slight fever. Sometimes tuberculosis develops within weeks after the initial exposure. More often, the TB organism may lie dormant for many years before the disease becomes apparent. The disease may be reactivated under conditions in which the immune system is weakened, including old age, malnutrition, alcoholism, immunosuppressive therapy, or certain illnesses such as AIDS or malignancies of the lymph or blood system.

The spread of disease generally is limited by lymph nodes. The TB organism can spread through the lymph nodes and blood to almost any organ in the body. The areas affected include the lining of the lungs, the bones of the spine or large joints, and kidneys.

The preliminary diagnosis of TB is based on review of the chest X-ray. Usually within 2 to 3 months after the initial infection, a spot may be noticeable on an X-ray of the chest. This spot persists indefinitely and usually is no cause for concern. The tuberculin skin test converts from negative to positive at this time.

In addition to the chest X-ray, the physician may obtain a sample of material from the sputum for staining and examination under the microscope.

In the past, sanitariums often were used for persons who had active TB. In recent years, modern drugs are used for treatment of this disease. The drug regimens often include combined use of isoniazid and rifampin, although other combinations also can be used.

 

 

II. Speak on the following topics:

1. Respiratory System

2. Immune System.

3. AIDS.

4. Endocrine System.

5. Diabetes Mellitus.

UNIT 4

LESSON 49

NERVOUS SYSTEM

VOCABULARY

neuron ['njuqrqn] нейрон branching ['brQnCIN] розгалуження, гілкування axon ['xksOn] аксон,|паросток| провідна частина|частку| нервової клітини, відросток нервової клітини dendrite ['dendraIt] дендрит, відросток нервової клітини, що розгалуджується synapse ['saInxps] синапс spinal cord ['spaInql 'kO:d] спинний мозок meninges (sing. meninx) [mI'nInGI:z] мозкові оболонки dura mater ['djuqrq 'meItq] тверда мозкова оболонка arachnoid [q'rxknOId] павутинна оболонка (мозку) pia mater ['paIq 'meItq] м'яка мозкова оболонка innermost ['Inqmqust] той, що знаходиться глубоко усередині; внутрішній relay [rI'leI] передавати

afferent ['xfqrqnt] аферентний efferent ['efqrqnt] еферентний, відцентровий forth ['fO:T] вперед, далі distribution ["dIstrI'bjuS(q)n] розподіл brainstem (brain stem) ['breInstem] стовбур головного мозку hypothalamus ["haIpo'Txlqmqs] гіпоталамус blood supply ['blAd sq'plaI] кровопостачання critical['krItIk(q)l] важливий, суттєвий, необхідний signal [sIgnl] сигнал output['autput] об'єм consume [kqn'sju:m] вживати, поглинати, споживати action potential ['xkS(q)n pqu'tenS(q)l] потенціал дії viscera ['vIsqrq] внутрішні органи

WORD-BUILDING

COMPOUND WORDS

Ex. 1. Familiarize yourself with the following material:

head голова + ache біль = headache головний біль

 

Ex. 2. Read and translate the following words: