Hippocrates — the father of medicine

One of the most honoured names in medicine is the name of the Hippocrates. He is often called the Father of Medicine. He was born in 460 or 459 В. C. (before Christ) on a small island of Cos near Greece. He studied and lived for a long period in Athens.

His contemporaries considered him the wisest and the greatest physician. Hippocrates was the head of the most flourishing medical school of his age. He had many pupils and spread his teaching through­out the Greek world and even beyond.

Hippocrates was the author of hundred or more books in which he described his ideas, methods and medical procedures.

The Hippocratic doctrines regard closely observations of the patients. The physician should study all that can see, feel and hear in the patient. He must closely examine the body of the patient, study his respiration and learn his evacuations (sweat, urine and others).

Hippocrates paid much attention to making an accurate prognosis of diseases. His work of "On Prognostics" teaches that only a physician who makes an accurate prognosis can acquire the confidence of the patient.

Hippocrates noted the effect of food, occupation and especially climate in causing diseases and he advised the physician to observe the water supply, the nature of the soil, the habits of the people in an unfamiliar town.

Hippocrates taught that healing comes through the power of natu­ral forces of the human organism. He proposed for the treatment to aid nature in its healing power. According to Hippocrates the body has the means of cure within itself.

Hippocrates advises for the treatment to use proper diet, gymnas­tics, exercise, message and sea bathing.

He recommends to take less food at the height of disease and to use a liquid diet in feverish.

From the beverages he recommends a honey-vinegar, a paste of barley or flour and a wine in small doses. Among purgatives were used milk (especially asses milk), decoction of melon, cabbage and other plants, often mixed with honey.

As narcotics were taken belladonna, opium, mandragora, etc.

Remedies for external use were practiced: vinegar, olive oil, and wine. They were applied in compresses, irrigations and in treatment of wounds.

And the final aim of Hippocratic therapy is to begin treatment at the right moment, to assist the human organism to increase its energy and to combat the disease. In this period he recommends to use proper diet, hygienic measures and the prescriptions, individualized for each case.

 

Ex. 2. Characterize Hippocrates and his methods. Answer the fol­lowing questions using given words and word-combinations:

1. What is Hippocrates?

to be the famous physician and scientist; to live before Christ in Greece; to be the head of the most flourishing medical school; to have many pupils; to spread his teaching through the Greek world and even beyond; to be the author of hundred and more medical books.

2. How is Hippocrates often called?
the Father of Medicine.

3.What kind of physician did his contemporaries consider Hippocrates?

the wisest and the greatest physician.

4. What do the Hippocratic doctrines regard?

closely observations of the patients; to examine closely the pa­tient's body; to study his respiration and to learn his evacuations.

5. What does Hippocratic work of "On Prognostics" teach?

a physician — to make an accurate prognosis; can acquire the con­fidence of the patient.

6. What did Hippocrates note during the effect of food, occupation
and climate?

in causing diseases; to advise the physician tk observe the water supply, the nature of soil, the prevaling winds and the habits of the people in an unfamiliar town.

7. How did Hippocrates teach about healing?

healing — to come through the power of natural forces of the human organism; to aid the nature in its healing power.

8. What did he advise for the treatment?

to use the proper diet, gymnastics, exercise, massage and sea bathing.

9. What did he recommend regarding food and beverages?

to take less food at the height of disease; to use a liquid diet in feverish; to drink a honey-vinegar, a paste of barley or flour and a wine in small doses.

10. What purgatives were used?

milk, especially asses milk, decoction of melon, cabbage and other plants, often mixed with honey.

11.What narcotics were taken? belladonna, opium, mandragora, etc.

12.What remedies for external use were practiced?

vinegar, olive oil and wine in compresses, irrigations and in treatment of wounds.

13. What is the final aim of Hippocratic therapy?

to begin treatment at the right moment; to assist the human orga­nism to increase its energy; to use proper diet, hygienic measures and the prescriptions, individualized for each case.

 

Ex. 3. Загальні і спеціальні запитання в Perfect Tenses

 

	Have	you	written	a	letter	today?	Yes, I have.
				-			No, I haven’t.
What	have	you	written	-		today?
What letter	have	you	written			today?
Whom	have	you	written	the letter to?
Who	has	written			today?

Ex. 4. Складіть загальні запитання до речень та дайте короткі позитивні або негативні відповіді:

1. You have read this book today. 2. Your friend had come from Kyiv by the end of the week. 3. They have already written the control work. 4. You have seen this new film today. 5. She has had her dinner today. 6. They have already been there. 7. You had read that text when we came.

Ex. 5. Поставте спеціальні запитання до речень, починаючи їх питальними словами, які стоять у дужках:

1. They have passed their examinations today. (When?) 2. He has been in London this year. (Where?) 3. You have read-that article. (What?) 4. My friend has seen chat film. (Who?) 5. They have trans­lated that text today. (When?) 6. He will have done it by five o’clock. (By what time?)

LESSON 12.

Е. ДЖЕННЕР, Р. КОХ

Ex. 1. Read the words and translate the text.

discovery відкриття	mild form слабка форма
to investigate досліджувати; розслідувати	cowpox коров’яча віспа, вакцина
smallpox віспа	to introduce вводити
to recover видужувати	vesicle пухирець
to prevent запобігати	wound рана

EDWARD JENNER

Edward Jenner (І749—1823) was a well-known English physician, the discoverer of vaccination. Jenner studied medicine in London and began practice in 1773, when he was twenty-four years old.

Edward Jenner liked to observe and investigate ever since he was a boy. His persistent scientific work resulted in the discovery of vaccination against smallpox. Today cases of smallpox are very rare because every infant when it is about a year old is vaccinated against this disease. The vaccination is effective for a prolonged period of time.

In Jenner’s days one out of every five persons in London carried the marks of this disease on his face. But there were few people who recovered from the disease, because in the 18th century smallpox was one of the main causes of death. The disease had been common for centuries in many countries of Asia. The Turks had discovered that a person could be prevented from a serious attack of smallpox by being infected with a mild form of the disease.

The first child whom Jenner introduced the substance from cowpox vesicles obtained from the wound of a diseased woman was Jimmy Phipps. It was in 1796. For the following two years Jenner continued his experiments. In 1798 he published the report on his discovery. He called his new method of preventing smallpox “vaccination”, from the Latin word vacca, that is “a cow”. At first people paid no attention to his discovery. One doctor even said that vaccination might cause people to develop cow’s faces. But very soon there was no part of the world that had not taken up vaccination. Thousands of people were given vaccination and smallpox began to disappear.

 

Ex. 2. Answer the questions:

1. Who was the discoverer of vaccination? 2. Where did E. Jenner study medicine? 3. What resulted in the discovery of vaccination against the smallpox? 4. Is vaccination effective for a prolonged period of time? 5. Whom did Jenner introduce vaccination first? 6. How did he call his new method? 7. Did people pay attention to his discovery at once?8.Why did smallpox begin to disappear?