The Development of Computers

1. The first computers used thousands of separate elec­trical components connected together with wires. In the late 1940s, computers were made using vacuum tubes¹, resistors, and diodes. These computers were called first generation computers.

2. In 1956, transistors were invented. Transistors are made from materials called semiconductors. Computers using transistors were called second generation com­puters. Second generation computers were smaller than first generation computers. Second generation computers also used less electrical power. Both first and second gen­eration computers were very expensive.

3. Computer components (such as transistors, diodes, resistors) can now be made from semiconductor mate­rials of different shapes. Nowadays, complete circuits can be made from a single piece of semiconductor, called a chip. Such circuits are called integrated circuits² (ICs).

4. Computers using integrated circuits were first produced in the 1960s. They were known as third genera­tion computers. Their integrated circuits had about 200 components on a single chip. Today, we can produce more than 100,000 components on a single chip. A chip can be as small as 0.5 cm square.

5. With the invention of chips, computer manufacture has become much simpler. The manufacturer does not have to connect thousands of components together. Most of the connections are made inside the chip. It is even possible to build a complete in a single chip. A processor on single is called a microprocessor.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

1. vacuum tubes – электронные лампы

2. integrated circuits – интегральные схемы

 

 

Вариант 5

 

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) Viking – I, after landing on Mars, performed many scientific experiments.

2) No biological life was found on the planet, though it had been speculated by many scientists.

3) Every segment will contain detailed information.

4) The book has been illustrated by the group of young painters.

 

2. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения слов it, that, one.

1) That was one of the reason for producing the body of plastics.

2) It is known that Leonardo da Vinci was a great artist, engineer and inventor.

3) That was the car we wanted to buy.

 

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский язык, помня о разных значениях глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1) Metallurgists were to study a new class of alloys used in rocket engineering.

2) Higher school has become an example of integration of education, science and industry.

3) When the flaws in design do occur they can be a consequence of gaps in theoretical knowledge.

4) Do future improvements depend on the application of science to manufacturing?

 

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзные подчинения.

1) According to the information we have got the giant wave ruined some port structures.

2) He pointed out special attention was given to the resistance of the material to cold.

 

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обратите внимание на то, что в них просьба (побуждение) выражена с помощью глагола to let.

1) The mother lets her children watch cartoons in the evenings.

2) Let us spend next Sunday at home.

6. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива, герундия и причастия в предложениях.

1) While constructing the road much has been done to protect the environment.

2) Achievements in genetics make it possible to control the heredity of plants and animals.

3) Jack is used to driving on the left because he has lived in Britain a long time.

 

7. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4 абзацы текста.

Robots — the Ideal Workers?

1. We hear many complaints about work in factories; the work is often "boring, heavy and repetitive; the operative¹ doesn't have to think about the work; he gets no job satisfaction.

2. The answer is a robot. For many jobs a robot is much better than human operative. Once it has been program­med, it will do its job over and over again. It never gets bored; it works at a constant speed; it doesn't make mistakes; its work is always of the same standard; it doesn't get tired; it can work 24 hours a day without breaks for food, rest or sleep.

3. Robots have other advantages, too. They are designed to do almost any job. You can't change the human body, but a robot's arms, for example, can be made to move in any direction. Robots also do very heavy work and they can operate in conditions that are too.dangerous, too hot or too cold for people to work in. They work under water, in poisonous gas and in radioactive areas.

4. It is obvious that robots have many advantages over human beings. However, it is also true that humans can do many things that robots can't. For example, humans can carry out a task without having to be told exactly how to do it first — in other words, they don't always have to be programmed.

5. Humans can move, but robots are usually fixed in one place. If they are able to move, robots do it only in a very limited way. Unlike robots, people can know whether what they are doing is good or bad, and whether it is boring or interesting. Also robots are only just beginning to be able to understand speech and writing, but humans communicate easily with each other by these methods, and by many others — telephone, drawing, radio, and so on — as well.

6. And we should not forget that robots owe their existence² to humans—we make them, repair them and control them, not the other way round.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. the operative – зд. – рабочий

2. to owe one’s existence – быть обязанным своим существованием.

8. Прочитайте 5, 6 абзацы текста, письменно ответьте на вопрос.

What allows us to say that the robots owe their existence to humans?

Грамматический минимум к контрольному заданию 4

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive).Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

2. Причастия (Participle I, II). Независимый (самостоятельный) причастный оборот.

3. Условные предложения.

Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.

 

 

Образцы выполнения упражнений

Образец 1 (к упр. I)

 

1. Millions of Russian people are recorded to have taken part in elections.	Зарегистрировано, что миллионы людей приняли участие в выборах.
2. We want the new car to be produced by February.	Мы хотим, чтобы новый автомобиль был выпущен к февралю.
3. The device to be bought must be checked beforehand.	Прибор, который нужно купить, следует предварительно проверить.

 

 

Образец 2 (к упр. II)

 

1. The girl reading a newspaper is our student.	Девушка, читающая газету, наша студентка.
2. Having finished the experiment the students left the laboratory.	Закончив эксперимент, студенты ушли из лаборатории.
3. His father being very ill, he had to send for the doctor.	Так как его отец был очень болен, он должен был послать за доктором.

 

 

Образец 3 (к упр. III)

 

1. If the weather is good we shall go skiing.	Если погода будет хорошая, мы пойдем кататься на лыжах.
2. If the system had been perfected, we should have applied it for new calculations.	Если бы система была усовершенствована, мы бы применили ее для новых расчетов.
3. It would be impossible to build spaceships without using new materials and alloys.	Было бы невозможно построить космические корабли без применения новых материалов и сплавов.

Варианты контрольного задания № 4

 

Вариант 1

 

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец для выполнения 1).

1) We expect the goods to be loaded at once.

2) A contract is known to be the basis of a transaction between the buyers and the sellers.

3) Nuclear energy is expected to become the world’s main source of energy.

4) The alloy to be used for this purpose will contain little iron.

 

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец для выполнения 2)

1) The sun having risen, they continued their way.

2) The agreement is drawn up in the Russian and the English languages, both texts being equal valid.

3) Having translated the article from the newspaper he showed it to the teacher.

 

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).

1) I would not have belived it unless I saw it with my own eyes.

2) If they found the exact meaning of this word, they would understand the sentence easily.

3) If the builders had not worked hard, the canal would not have been opened in time.

 

4. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4-й абзацы.

 

Moscow, the heart of Russia

1. Founded in 1147 by Prince Yury Dolgoruky, Moscow has become the largest political, administrative, economic and cultural centre, the railway, highway and international airway crossroads. Moscow is the seat of the Russian Government, one of the world’s cultural, scientific and art centres, the seat of the academy of Sciences of Russia. Moscow has a great number of historical and architectural monuments that should be carefully preserved.

2. Moscow is more than 850 years old, but never before has our capital seen such a scale of construction as has been performed in recent years. Alongside housing, much is to be done in the next years for the further development of cultural and educational institutions, health services, trade, communal and other services.

3. A major feature of Moscow’s development is the establishment of the industries requiring highly - skilled labour, and the branches producing high - quality consumer goods, as well as the development of plasma, laser, electron-beam and other promising technologies. Much attention is also paid to the reconstruction of the industrial facilities which already exist. The successful implementation of the plan will provide for the comprehensive economic and social development of the capital.

4. Transport is a serious problem for all large cities in the world. The capitals of the major capitalist states are often unable to solve this problem. Moscow has also a transport problem. The territory of the capital has expanded in the last few years and with it came the large - scale migration of the population.

5. Roads constitute another aspect of the transport problem. Having taken the decision to reconstruct many of the existing streets and to build new roads we have already started the construction of new roads, which will link several of the city’s districts between the Moscow Circular Highway and the Sadovoye Ring Road.

 

 

Вариант 2

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1) We expect them to complete their research work this month.

2) Demand for coal is expected to remain weak in the developing countries.

3) This machine part was supposed to be made of plastics.

4) The machinery to be installed in this shop is provided with automatic devices

 

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1) The students have three lectures today, the last one being on economics.

2) New technological processes having been developed, new types of equipment have been installed in the shop.

3) Having looked through all the documents and letters received that day he went home.

 

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).

1) He would be asked if he were at the lecture.

2) If the speed of the body were 16 km per second, it would leave the solar system.

3) If I had seen him yesterday I should have tell him about the meeting.

 

4. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4-й абзацы.

 

Atomic Power for Rockets

1. The heart of a nuclear-rocket engine, of course, is the reactor that converts nuclear energy into heat.

2. The fuel of the reactor consists of a special kind of «isotope» of Uranium-235. When properly bombarded with neutrons the uranium nuclei break up or «fission» into a pair of fragments and emit more neutrons in the process, thus keeping the reactions going.

3. The fission process releases energy and the excess energy is carried away by the neutrons and by gamma rays. Since all of the fragments and most of the neutrons and gamma rays are stopped within the reactor, the energy that is released by U-235 fission will heat the reactor.

4. For making a nuclear-rocket engine thermally efficient the reactor’s temperature must be as high as possible. The melting point of uranium, 2,070 degrees F, sets a theoretical limit. Graphite, which withstands much higher temperatures, is a very good material for the reactor’s «moderator». So all present experimental reactors for nuclear-rocket engines are made of U-235 metal powder placed in graphite.

5. A cold gas, hydrogen, enters several hundred narrow passages drilled through the graphite - uranium reactor core and is heated almost to the white-hot operating temperature. On coming from the passages, the hot gas expands through a nozzle in which it attains supersonic speed. The exhaust speed of the nuclear-rocket engine can probably reach 23.000 to 30.000 feet per second, which is twice as much as from a rocket engine using chemical combustion of hydrogen and oxyden.

 

 

Вариант 3

 

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1)

1) We supposed them to have finished their work.

2) The two countries are expected to discuss measures to eliminate double taxation.

3) Television is said to have both advantages and disadvantages.

4) This is the subject to be discussed at the next meeting.

 

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1) The night being dark, the victim could not notice whether the robber was armed.

2) Mendeleyev discovered the Periodic law of elements, the table bearing his name.

3) Having refused to unload American ships the French dockers lost their job.

 

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).

1) If he were at the Institute now, he would help us to translate the article.

2) He demanded that the car should be repaired by tomorrow.

3) If it had not been so cold, I should have gone to the country.

 

4. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4 абзацы текста.