I. What type of word formation is used below? What is the common meaning of the productive prefixes in these words?

decompose, misunderstand, discomfort, irregular, impossible, abnormal, unable, contraindication, counteraction

II. What words are the following adjectives derived from?

Indefinite, incorrect, impossible, unpleasant, unripe, insoluble, indirect, inoxidable, impure, immiscible, independent, displacement, disarrange, defatted, deformation,abnormal, irreversible, irresponsive, irregular, imperceptible, illogical

III. Transfer the following sentences using the Subjective Infinitive Construction:

It is said that the resulting solution is saturated at the temperаture of the experiment.—The resulting solution is said to be saturated at the temperature of the experiment,

1. It is known that the extent of solubility of different substances varies from an almost imperceptible amount to relatively large quantities. 2. It is stated that any chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is a solution. 3. It is supposed that the ultimate sugar particle is of molecular dimensions. 4. It is considered that paper filters are the most useful of аll filters. 5. It is proved that for any given solute solubility has а constant value at a constant temperature. 6. It is believed that а great many pharmacopoeial tests are based upon this process.

IV. Choose the right form of the Participle from the brackets:

1. Paper filters are employed in all the finer operations (required, requiring) filtration. 2. The paper (used, using) for this purpose is specially prepared and is called filter paper. 3. А solution (contained, containing) a larger amount of solute than is necessary to form a saturated solution may be prepared under certain conditions. 4. The substance (occurring, occurred) on the earth and in the sun and stars, is the first clement of the Periodic Table. 5. Ointment bases (contained, containing) animal fats, vegetable oils or hydrocarbons are designated as oleaginous basis. 6. The juices so (obtaining, obtained) may then be evaporated.

V. Give the English equivalents of the following phrases:

Ступінь розчинності різних речовин, якісні дані, звішені частки, елементарна частка, надлишок твердої розчиненої речовини, розчини твердих часток в рідинах.

VI. Put general questions to these sentences:

1. Yes, paper filters are the most useful of all for the pharmacist. 2. No, the paper specially prepared is used for filtration. 3. Yes, it is possible to prepare these solutions in the lab. 4. Yes, we recognize three kinds of solutions. 5. No, they are not completely separated by filtration.

VII. Answer the questions:

1. What mixtures may be defined as a solution? 2. Is it possible to obtain a solution only by dissolving solids in liquids? 3. What kinds of solutions are recognized? 4. What does the variety of a solution depend upon? 5. What is very fine sand mixed with if we want to obtain a suspension?

PREPARATION OF TABLETS

The tablet is the most common form of medication for the administering of a drug in a dry state. From a purely physical point of view, the technique of tablet making (tabletting) may be defined as a process whereby a known volume of a drug in a finely divided (подрібнений) state is subjected to pressure in a die (форма) between two punches (штампувальний прес).

A tablet shows definite properties of mechanical strength and is also characterized by a definite rate of disintegration when brought into contact with water.

It is generally observed that tablets can be made easily from certain drugs, such as sodium chloride and other alkali haloids, even without the addition of auxiliary substances. For some other drugs such as lactose, the addition of auxiliary (допоміжний) substances is found to be necessary to overcome certain difficulties in their tabletting, because of persistent binding or sticking in the tablet machine.

The application of different pressure during tabletting plays a very important role. The correct pressure must be applied in order to avoid unnecessary complications. Tablets which should dissolve in the mouth must be more strongly compressed than other average tablets for internal administration.

Lubricants (змащувальна речовина) and glidants (змащувальна речовина) are added to the tablet materials to improve their flow properties. They are generally powdery substances which deform only slightly when subjected to the compressing pressures. To glidants belong such substances as natural starch (крохмаль), which has excellent flow improvement properties.

Lubricants are substances which facilitate smooth ejection of the compressed tablets.

 

I. Translate the words of Latin origin with verb-forming suffixes:

filtrate, acidify, granulate, fermentate, cultivate, concentrate, inactivate, characterize, vaporize, specify, oxidize, gasify, utilize, neutralize, sterilize

Make nouns from these verbs using suffix –tion.

II. Put questions to the sentences bellow:

1. Lubricants are added to facilitate smooth ejection of the compressed tablets. 2. A tablet is disintegrated when brought into contact with water. 3. The application of different pressure during tabletting plays a very important role. 4. Greater amounts of lubricants and glidants are used by an increase in pressures. 5. The use of starch in tablet making has been known for a long time.

III. Answer the questions:

1. What is the most common form of medication for the administering of drugs in a dry state?

2. What is a tablet characterized by when brought into contact with water?

3. What substances are used for tablet making?

4. Are any auxiliary substances added to the above mentioned substances?

5. To what drugs is it necessary to add auxiliary substances?

6. What is necessary to do in order to avoid unnecessary complications during tabletting?

7. What kind of tablets must be strongly compressed?

8. What substances improve the flow properties of the tablet materials?

9. What facilitates smooth ejection of the compressed tablets?

OINTMENTS

Ointments are semi-solid preparations for external application оf such consistency that they may be readily applied to the body оr to mucous membranes. They should be of such composition that they soften but not nесеssarily melt when applied to the body.

The ointment base usually constitutes the major portion of the pharmaceutical preparation and, therefore, may influence the effiсасу (ефективність) of the incorporated (змішаний, включений до складу) medicinal substances.

Based on their penetration ointments have been divided into three classes. Epidermic ointments are those which demonstrate no, or very slight, power of penetration into the skin. In this group have been placed the bases which contain petrolatum (вазелін), waxes (віск) and their combinations.

Endodermic ointments are those which possess some power of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin. Most of them have a somewhat lower melting point, approaching the temperature of the skin, and contain vegetable oils, lard, wool fat, lanolin, and/or combinations of these.

Diadermic ointments are those which penetrate the skin, thus offering a better opportunity for absorption of the medicament. Ointments of emulsion type and the water-soluble bases belong to the group of absorption base.

Hydrocarbon bases include ointments prepared from pеtrolatum, or liquid petrolatum, with wax or other stiffening agents (згущувачі).

White and yellow ointments are relatively stable to normal climatic temperature changes. Absorption bases generally have a high index of compatibility toward the majority of medicaments used topically. These bases have found a definite place in pharmacy as well as cosmetology.

Until recently, ointments and ointment type products were packaged in glass, stoneware, porcelain, polyethylene, or plastic wide-mouth jars. Since a large area of the ointment was exposed to the effects of air, those ointments containing easily oxidized mеdicines were packaged in metal tubes. The use of aerosol containers preventing contamination, drying out of the product as well as protecting water sensitive drugs is preferable.

 

I. Make nouns from the following adjectives using suffix –ity: active; capable; pure; intensive; quantitative; relative; susceptible; compatible

II. Change the following verbs into Participles I and II:

to penetrate, to constitute, to demonstrate, to prepare, to change, to expose, to perform, to distribute, to add, to stir.

III. Insert the words from the text into the sentences: vegetable, divided, petrolatum, absorption, penetration, temperature, wool.

1. Ointments of emulsion type belong to the group of... base. 2. The substance obtained is stable to normal climatic... changes. 3. Based on their penetration ointments have been... into three classes. 4. Epidermic ointments possess very slight power of... into the skin. 5. Most of endodermic ointments contain... oils,... fats, lanolin, and/or combinations of these. 6. Ointments belonging to the group of hydrocarbon bases are prepared from... with wax or other stiffening agents

IV. Choose the sentences with improper statements. Give the right definition:

. 1. Ointments are semi-liquid preparations for external application. 2. Based on their penetration ointments have been divided into four classes. 3. Hydrocarbon bases do not include ointments prepared from petrolatum with wax. 4. Absorption bases generally have a low index of compatibility towards the majority of medicaments. 5. White and yellow ointments are not stable to normal climatic temperature changes. 6. Endodermic ointments are those which do not possess the power of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin.

V. Answer the questions:

1. What are the sites of application of ointments?

2. What is the difference between the three classes of ointments?

3. How are most ointments packaged now? Why?

 

FILLING OF AMPOULES

The ampoules are first washed with ordinary water and then with pyrogen-free distilled water. They are sterilized in sterilizers provided with two doors at opposite ends. One leads into the non-sterile area for charging the sterilizers with washed, non-sterile ampoules, and the other leads into the sterile area for removing the ampoules after sterilization. After cooling the trays are conveyed to the automatic filling machines (заповнювачі). Filling is carried out in a small air-conditioned room under a hood, provided with ultra violet lamps. All parts of the filling machine which come in contact with the substance to be packed are daily dismantled, cleaned, and sterilized.

For parenteral use the dry sodium salt of penicillin is dispensed in ampoules usually in amounts of 100,000 or 200,000 units which are prepared in one of two ways.

1) A concentrated aqueous solution of sodium penicillin is dried in bulk (усе разом) from the frozen state. The dry material is reduced to a fine powder which is subjected to the usual routine tests (potency, toxicity, pyrogen content, sterility, moisture content). The desired amount is then measured into the ampoules by hand or automatic machines. After filling, the ampoules are closed with sterilized rubber caps or stoppers and then removed from the sterile area for receiving metal covers, labeling and final packing.

2) The concentrated solution of penicillin is put into the ampoules in the desired amounts, generally by using an automatic filling machine which discharges measured (1—2 ml) amounts, frozen in them and evaporated to dryness in the frozen state.

The method of drying the aqueous solution of penicillin salts in the final containers is practised more commonly in the large penicillin plants than the method of weighing the bulk of dried salts into each individual ampoule, but the latter, though more laborious (працевмісткий) and time-consuming, has given equally good results with regard to sterility and keeping power.

I. Read and translate the adjectives with the suffixes -ic and -y:

phenolic, electronic, economic, atomic, mercuric, icy, watery, windy, earthy, airy, showy, dirty, oily, sugary

ІІ. Translate the words with the same root:

Prepare, preparation; associate, association, associated, sterility, sterilize, sterilization, sterilized, sterilizer; complete, completion, completely; measure, measurable, measurement, measureless

III. Translate into English:

1. Сухий матеріал подрібнюється. 2. Дрібний порошок піддається звичайним випробуванням. 3. Після наповнення ампули закриваються стерильними гумовими кришками. 4. Концентрований розчин пеніциліну розливається в ампули за допомогою автоматичного заповнювача. 5. Звичайна вода використовується для першого промивання ампул. 6. Наповнення ампул здійснюється в спеціальних приміщеннях.

XI. Answer the questions:

In what amounts is the dry sodium salt of penicillin dispersed in ampoules? 2. What state is the dry material reduced to? 3. By what means is the desired amount of fine powder measured intо ampoules? 4. What process usually takes place after filling the ampoules? 5. How many methods of dispensing the dry sodium salt of penicillin in ampoules are used in practice? 6. Which method is more commonly practiced in the large penicillin plants? 7. Can any water be used for washing ampoules? 8. What can you say about the structure of sterilizers?

 

TINCTURES

Tinctures are defined as alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solutions prepared from animal or vegetable drugs or from chemical substances. Tinctures differ from spirits in being made usually from nonvolatile (нелеткі) bodies; the tinctures containing volatile (леткі) constituents extracted from drugs and those containing iodine are exceptions to the rule.

Tinctures are made by percolation, maceration, solution, or dilution and the menstrua employed in the official tinctures are alcoholic, dilute alcohols of various strengths, aromatic ammonia spirit, ammonia water, or mixtures of alcohol, water, and glycerin. Wines, such as Sherry, have also been used as menstrua, the resulting preparations being referred to as Vini or Wines.

The use of alcohol as a solvent for the active or useful principle in drugs has been practiced for many years, but it has required a long time and much experience to determine the proper proportion of water to be added. The menstrua should dissolve the therapeutically valuable constituents of the drugs without extracting the inert, principles, and yet contain sufficient alcohol to secure permanent preparations that will not in time deposit a portion of their active constituents.

The proportion of drug represented in the different tinctures is not uniform but varies according to the established standards for each. Tinctures of potent drugs essentially represent the activity of 10 gm of the drug in each 100 ml of tincture. Most other tinctures represent 20 gm of the respective (відповідних) drug in each 100 ml of tincture. Compound tinctures are made according to long established formulas.

Tinctures are unsuitable for extended dilution with aqueous solutions or liquid of very low alcohol content. Although a very small amount of such a liquid can be added to a tincture without marked precipitation, further addition causes a separation of a part of the extractive matter from the tincture. Considerable precipitation occurs when a tincture is added to a comparatively large volume of a vehicle of low alcohol content.

There are three different methods represented in the processes for making tinctures: percolation, maceration, and solution or dilution. Percolation is the best method for making tinctures, when the drugs are capable of being readily extracted. Maceration is used in the case of resins, balsams, gums, soap, etc.

A few tinctures are made by means of solution or dilution, such as iodine tincture, by dissolving iodine in a solution of potassium iodine and adding alcohol; ferric chloride tincture, by diluting the ferric chloride solution with alcohol, etc.

Tinctures should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers protected from exposure to direct sun light and excessive heat.