Переміщення часів у підрядному додатковому при головному реченні у минулому часі

Present simple Present Continuous		Past Smple Past Continuous	Дія підрядного речення відбувається одночасно з дією головного
Present Perfect Past Simple	Past Perfect	Дія підрядного речення передує дії головного
Future	Future in the Past	Дія підрядного речення відбувається пізніше дії головного

 

I said I studied at the university.	Я сказав, що навчаюсь в університеті.
I said I had studied at the university.	Я сказав, що навчався в університеті.
I said I would study at the university.	Я сказав, що навчатимусь в університеті.

 

Пряма мова та Непряма мова

Правило узгодження часів широко застосовується при перетворенні прямої мови в непряму.

Перетворення стверджувальних та заперечних речень у непряму мову.

· Коли ми перетворюємо у непряму мову стверджувальне або заперечне речення ми використовуємо дієслова say (to sb) або tell (sb) перед непрямою мовою. Особові та присвійні займенники змінюються відповідно до змісту. Напр..

Sophie said, ‘ I bought a new dictionary yesterday.’

Sophie said (that) she hadbought a new dictionary the day before.

· Якщо при перетворенні прямої мови в непряму дієслово – присудок головного речення вжито в минулому часі, то відбувається така заміна часів:

·

Пряма мова	Непряма мова
Present Simple ‘I want to find a better job,’ he said.	Past Simple He said he wanted to find a better job.
Present Continuous ‘They are playing tennis,’ he said.	Past Continuous He said they were playing tennis.
Present Perfect ‘I have read this book,’ she said.	Past Perfect She said she had read that book.
Past Simple ‘Jack left the country,’ they said.	Past Perfect They said Jack had left the country.
Future Simple ‘I will send you a letter,’ he said.	Future Simple in the Past He said he would send me a letter.

 

· Деякі слова і вирази змінюються таким чином:

Today		that day
"I saw him today", she said.		She said that she had seen him that day.
Yesterday		the day before
"I saw him yesterday", she said.		She said that she had seen him the day before.
The day before yesterday		two days before
"I met her the day before yesterday", he said.		He said that he had met her two days before.
Tomorrow		the next/following day
"I'll see you tomorrow", he said		He said that he would see me the next day.
The day after tomorrow		in two days time/ two days later
"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said.		They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later.
Next week/month/year		the following week/month/year
"I have an appointment next week", she said.		She said that she had an appointment the following week.
Last week/month/year		the previous/week/month/year
"I was on holiday last week", he told us.		He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week.
ago		before
"I saw her a week ago," he said.		He said he had seen her a week before.
this (for time)		that
"I'm getting a new car this week", she said.		She said she was getting a new car that week.
this/that (adjectives)		the
"Do you like this shirt?" he asked		He asked if I liked the shirt.
here		there
He said, "I live here".		He told me he lived there.

· Якщо при перетворенні прямої мови в непряму дієслово – присудок головного речення вжито у Present Simple, Future Simple або Present Perfect, а також, коли речення висловлює загальну істину (те, що завжди є вірним), заміна часів не відбувається.

Пряма мова	Непряма мова
She says, ‘I don’t like him.’	She says (that) she doesn’t like him.
‘It iscold in the Arctic,’ said the teacher.	The teacher said (that) it is cold in the Arctic.

 

· The Past Continuous, Past Perfect та Past Perfect Continuous не змінюються в непрямій мові. Напр..

‘I was watching TV while she was doing her homework,’ he said.

He said (that) he was watching TV while she was doing her homework.

· Деякі модальні дієслова не змінюються в непрямій мові. А саме: could, would, might, should, ought to. Напр..

‘I could run fast when I was young,’ he said.

He said (that) he could run fast when he was young.