II. Give the definitions of the words. Use the word combinations in brackets.

1) a book (a long composition, to write, to print);

2) a reference (a reader, to refer, source of information);

3) a library (a place, to keep materials, not for sale);

4) a volume (printed sheets, to bind);

5) a copy (original work, imitation, reproduction);

6) a manuscript (a written composition, to distinguish from);

7) a catalog (enumeration of items, to arrange systematically).

III. Rewrite each sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in bold.

a. wish

I'm sorry I didn't invite him to the party.

b. should

Why weren't you watching the road?

c. If only

I regret saying that to her.

d. wish

I shouldn't have hit him.

e. 'd rather

I don't want you to tell her.

f. wish

I don't like it when Megan stays out so late.

g. If only

I'm really sorry we can't come to your wedding.

___________________________________________________________

h. should

I regret that I didn't work harder for my exams.

IV. Rearrange the words to make excuses in the third conditional.

a. wouldn't / been / if / ill / hadn't / shellfish / had /I / I / have/ the

b. phoned / had / had / if / you / have / time / would / I /the /I

c. if / so / known / had /I / the jumper / expensive / was / wouldn't /bought / have / it

d. If / it / own / my / eyes / seen / with / hadn't /Iwouldn't / believed /have / it

V. Complete the sentences with one of the phrasal verbs in its correct form.

come up with beat up break into clear out fit in with drop out of look up to point out take back tell off

 

a. It's time to______ my garage. There's so much rubbish in it that I need to get rid of.

b. The thieves ________ the warehouse and stole goods worth £2,000.

c. As they were leaving, they were disturbed by the security guard. They _______ him _______ and left him bleeding on the ground.

d. He ________ his elder sister, because to him she always seemed so wise and experienced.

e. I accused you of being mean the other day. I _______ it all _______. I'm so sorry. I didn't mean it.

f. “Which one's Adam?” “When I see him, I _______ him ________ to you.”

g. Scientists will have to ______ new methods of increasing the world's food supply.

h. She ______ Tom _______ because he hit his baby sister and made her cry.

i. I had a new student in my class today. He seems very nice. I'm sure he'll ______ the rest of the class just fine.

j. Why did you ________ university after just one term? What are you going to do with the rest of your life?

VI. Writing a covering letter.

1. Louisa Barry wants to apply for a job through Horizons Unlimited, so she is sending her CV and a covering letter. Put the addresses and date in the correct position on the page below.

 

a _____________________ _____________________ _____________________   b ______________________   c_______________________ _______________________ _______________________

Horizons Unlimited PO Box 444 Richmond Surrey SJ5 4TS

15 Thayers Farm Road Abingdon Nothampton NT12 4PF

30^th April 2003

 

2. Put Louisa's letter in the correct order. (There may be more than one possibility.) How many paragraphs do you think the letter should have?

a. I would therefore be particularly interested in any secretarial.

b. I will be available to start work from the middle of June.

c. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

d. Yours faithfully.

e. I enclose my CV, as requested.

f. I am a qualified and experienced secretary, and am bilingual in Spanish and English. I also speak French fluently.

g. I am writing in reply to your advertisement for temporary summer positions, which appeared in western Mail on 27^th April.

h. “Dear Sir or Madam”

i. However, I am willing to consider any kind of work.

j. Louisa Barry.

3. Write a similar letter to Horizons Unlimited in response to their advertisement. Mention briefly where you would like to work and what kind of work you would be interested in. (You can invent qualifications and experience!)

 

Horizons Unlimited is an international employment agency, recruiting for positions all over the world. Vacancies include: • management and office staff • hotel and restaurant staff • nannies, private teachers and nurses • many more! All applicants must be appropriately qualified. Write for an application form to: Horizons Unlimited, PO Box 444, Richmond, Surrey, SJ5 4TS. Interviews will be arranged with suitable applicants.

 

 

UNIT 20

I. Read and translate the article. Summarize the information in a paragraph.

DISTANCE EDUCATION

Distance education is methods of instruction that utilize different communications technologies to carry teaching to learners in different places. Distance education programs enable learners and teachers to interact with each other by means of computers, artificial satellites, telephones, radio or television broadcasting, or other technologies. Instruction conducted through the mail is often referred to as correspondence education, although many educators simply consider this the forerunner to distance education. Distance education is also sometimes called distance learning. While distance learning can refer to either formal or informal learning experiences, distance education refers specifically to formal instruction conducted at a distance by a teacher who plans, guides, and evaluates the learning process. As new communications technologies become more efficient and more widely available, increasing numbers of elementary schools, secondary schools, universities, and businesses offer distance education programs.

Nearly every country in the world makes use of distance education programs in its education system. Britain’s nationally supported Open University, based in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England, has one of the best-known programs. A vast majority of the school’s 133,000 students receive instruction entirely at a distance. More than 20 other countries have national open universities in which all instruction is provided by distance education methods. This method of education can be especially valuable in developing countries. By reaching a large number of students with relatively few teachers, it provides a cost-effective way of using limited academic resources. Many businesses use distance education programs to train employees or to help them update skills or knowledge. Employees may take such programs in the workplace or at home in their spare time.

Distance education traces its origins to mid-19th century Europe and the United States. The pioneers of distance education used the best technology of their day, the postal system, to open educational opportunities to people who wanted to learn but were not able to attend conventional schools. People who most benefited from such correspondence education included those with physical disabilities, women who were not allowed to enrol in educational institutions open only to men, people who had jobs during normal school hours, and those who lived in remote regions where schools did not exist.

The invention of educational radio in the 1920s and the advent of television in the 1940s created important new forms of communication for use in distance education. Educators used these new technologies to broadcast educational programs to millions of learners, thus extending learning opportunities beyond the walls of conventional teaching institutions.

Distance education increasingly uses combinations of different communications technologies to enhance the abilities of teachers and students to communicate with each other. With the spread of computer-network communications in the 1980s and 1990s, large numbers of people gained access to computers linked to telephone lines, allowing teachers and students to communicate in conferences via computers (see Telecommunications: Computer-Network). Distance education also makes use of computer conferencing on the World Wide Web, where teachers and students present text, pictures, audio, and occasionally video. A conferencing method known as one-way video/two-way audiouses television pictures that are transmitted to particular sites, where people can reply to the broadcasters with a telephone call-in system. Television pictures can also be transmitted in two directions simultaneously through telephone lines, so that teachers and students in one place can see and hear teachers and students in other places. This is called video-conferencing.

Each medium of communication carries certain advantages over the other. The most effective distance education employs several telecommunications media linked together so that learners can benefit from the strengths of each one. For example, a student may watch an instructor’s lecture on a video monitor, respond with questions through electronic mail on a computer, and then participate in class discussions through telephone audio-conferencing. Distance education programs require teams of media producers, teaching specialists, and experts in academic subjects to design effective teaching strategies. Other specialists plan and facilitate communications with learners. Because such programs can be expensive to produce, institutions usually design distance education courses for relatively large audiences and wide geographic areas.

Distance education has created a major shift in how educators and students think about teaching and learning. By allowing students to learn in more convenient locations and often at more convenient times, distance education opens educational opportunity to previously unreached populations. It also enables more people to extend the period of their education from a limited number of schooling years to a lifelong learning process. In addition, it changes power and authority relationships between teachers and learners, often encouraging more equal and open communication than occurs in conventional educational settings. Because distance education enables institutions to reach students all over the world, learners gain increased opportunities to experience other cultures and enrich their educational experience.

II. Words other than if. Choose the correct word.

a. Providing / Supposing there were no more wars, wouldn't that be wonderful?

b. I'm going to take a cushion to the concert, in case / unless the seats are hard.

c. We'll miss the beginning of the film so long as / unless you hurry.

d. Providing / In case you behave yourself, you can come to the party with us.

e. Suppose / Were I your teacher, I'd make sure that everyone did the homework.

f. He will never be happy as long as / unless he's got that boring job.

g. Had /Supposing I understood the problem, I'd have done something about it.

h. Should / Provided you fail to pay this bill, court action will be taken.