III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions.

1. You go on ahead, I'll soon catch ___ __ you.

2. Did the trip come _____ ____ your expectations?

3. Naomi doesn't really get ____ with Laura. They're always arguing.

4. If you hold ___ ___ the rope, you'll be perfectly safe.

5. Andy was walking so fast I couldn't keep ___ ___ him.

6. I'm not going to put ___ ___ this nonsense. /= tolerate/

7. We've run ___ ___ milk, I'm afraid. /= we have none left/

8. We need to cut ____ on our spending. /=reduce/

9. I'm looking ____ ____ the trip. /= thinking ahead with pleasure/

10. I can't make a promise and then go ___ ___ it. /= fail to keep/

IV. Complete the conversation. Choose the correct form.

Hugo: Hello, Simon. 1 /I don't see /I haven't seen/ you for ages.

Simon: Hello, Hugo. How are you?

Hugo: Fine, thanks. 2 /I just started /I've just started/ a new job as a car salesman. 3 /I started /I had started/ on Monday.

Simon: How many cars 4 /did you sell/ have you sold /?

Hugo: Well, none yet. Up to now 5 /I learn/I've been learning/ about the job. 6 /I think / I'm thinking /I'm going to like it.

Simon: 7 /You had/You were having/ asports car when you were at college, 8 /I remember /I'm remembering/.

Hugo: Yes, and I've still got it. 9 /I've had / I had / it for years. 10 /I love /I'm loving/ sports cars.

V. Which modals fit?

will should can ought to could must may have to might can

 

a) You ___________get your hair cut. It's much too long.

b) ____________I ask you a question?

c) Young children ___________be carried on this escalator.

d) You ________________never get a seat on this train. It's always packed.

e) I ______________be studying Mandarin Chinese next year.

f) I _____________already speak five languages fluently.

g) You'll ___________work much harder if you want to pass.

h) It's Saturday night. There___________ be something good on TV.

i) You _____________leave your valuables in the hotel safe.

j) You _____________be over 1m 60 cm tall to be an air hostess.

VI. Write a paragraph about some outstanding educator without mentioning his/her name. Concentrate on basic principles of his/her theory and contribution into pedagogical science so that he/ she could be identified without error.

UNIT 13

I. Read the article and fill the gaps with a clause below.

POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION

Postgraduate study ranges from programs (a)------ to degree programs of several years' duration, either in an academic discipline or a professional field. Many professions also require periodic postgraduate study in order to maintain certification for practice.

Graduate schools generally award master's degrees or doctorates to those (b)------. A year is usually required to obtain a master's degree, (c)------ than is needed for a baccalaureate. The doctoral degree involves a longer period of study and requires participation in and summation of some type of original research, as well as written and oral examinations.

The demands for specific courses of postgraduate study change with the needs of society. In most developing nations, for example, professional training in engineering and the health sciences is in great demand. In the United States and Canada the number of persons (d)------- greatly increased during the 1970s. Preparation for a career in medicine represents the most intensive curriculum, as a medical degree requires at least four years beyond the baccalaureate, and entry into a medical specialty can require four or more additional years of study. Many other occupations are currently being upgraded to the status of professions, with accompanying increases in the amount of postgraduate education (e)------.

In the U.S., a growing number of college students are continuing their education with postgraduate study. This has led to an expansion of facilities in universities around the nation. Postgraduate recruitment comes from various sources. Some college graduates (f)----- find it desirable to return to graduate schools for advanced training. A further trend has been to open professional training to minority groups (g)------- because their access to prerequisite study has been restricted.

An ever-increasing number of women are now students in higher education programs throughout the world. Traditionally, many professions, (h)------, were dominated by men. Women are now demanding and acquiring equal access to the postgraduate education necessary for entry into all professions. This trend is likely to continue as political, economic, and social barriers to equal opportunity for women are removed.

As per capita income increases in a society, the demand for professional training in technical and human services also increases. Foreign aid from developed nations and educational programs (i)------ have done much to support the expansion of postgraduate education in developing countries. Many nations now include plans for the development of postgraduate studies as part of their own systems of higher education rather than supporting professional training abroad for citizens (j)------.

1. including engineering, law, and medicine

2. sponsored by the United Nations

3. emphasizing intensive training in a specific aspect of professional practice

4. needed for entry and advancement

5. which demands the acquisition of a higher level of knowledge

6. who may or may not return to their own countries

7. applying to schools of medicine, law, and business management

8. who have satisfactorily completed prescribed courses of study

9. that have historically been excluded

10. who went directly into employment

II. Fill in the blanks with the proper words.

1) First year university students are called.... tutorial

2) The paper is discussed by the... and the rest of the group. freshers

3) Once or twice a term, students will have a.... tutor

4) Attending lectures is... for “Oxbridge” students. optional

5) Universities choose their students after... vocational

6) Most further education courses are.... interviews

7) For all British citizens a place at university brings income

with it a... to cover tuition fees and some of the living

expenses.

8) The amount of grant depends on the parents'... grant

III. Convert into indirect speech.

1. I said, "I was here last week".

2. He said, "Porter, take this luggage to Room 149."

3. He said, "Do you often visit your friends, Mary?"

4. She says, "I'm going to spend a week in Spain."

5. The teacher said, "You will write this test tomorrow, pupils."

6. Ben said, "Will you stay in this hotel, Kate?"

7. Ann said, "Are there any flowers in front of your house, friend?"

8. The hostess said, "Did you sleep well at night, son?"

9. Monika said, "I have already had my breakfast."

10. She said, "I saw them at my parents' house last week."

IV. Write in the correct form of the infinitive of the verb in brackets.

a) She's late. She must_________________(forget) our appointment.

b) He hopes_________________(select) to play in next week's football match.

c) I offered_________________(pay) for the meal, but she refused.

d) I'd like _ _______________(meet) Princess Diana.

e) I sent my suit_________________(dry-clean).

f) Sue and Richard are always arguing. They seem ____(have) a few problems.

g) I'm sorry_________________(disturb) you, but can you tell me the time?

h) You should_________________(work), not watching the television.

i) I'd like_________________(see) her face when you told her the news!

j) I'm glad I'm not famous. I'd hate ________________(recognize) all the time.

V. Give a brief account of your life up to the present. What do you think is the most important event in your life?

UNIT 14

I. Read the article and write T (for True) or F (for False) to each of the statements.

TEACHER TRAINING

Ancient and medieval societies lacked institutions offering instruction in the principles and practices of teaching. Persons intending to become teachers were required only to demonstrate knowledge of those subjects they desired to teach. During the Renaissance, some teachers such as Vittorino da Feltre in Italy, Johannes Sturm in Germany, and John Colet in England gained wide recognition for their learning and ability to teach, but the training of teachers was given little attention. It was not until the rise of democratic principles during the 17th and 18th centuries, with their assertion that the political, social, and economic development of nations could best be achieved through the education of the individual citizen, that measures were taken to establish institutions to provide teacher training.

The earliest-known educational institution to offer a systematic program of teacher training was the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, which was established in 1685 at Reims, France, by the French priest Saint John Baptist de la Salle. In the 18th century other such institutions were begun in France and Germany. A government-sponsored school established in France in 1794 was the first to follow the principles of the philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Rousseau believed that educators should concern themselves primarily with the mental and physical development of their pupils and only secondarily with subject matter. This principle was later adopted by teacher-training schools throughout the world and became a basic doctrine of all educational theory. The most important of the many educators who applied and developed the pedagogical theories of Rousseau was the late 18th-century Swiss educational reformer Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.

An important advance in teacher-training theories and methods was made in Prussia early in the 19th century with the application of the views of the educator Johann Friedrich Herbart. He stressed the study of the psychological processes of learning as a means of devising educational programs based on the aptitudes, abilities, and interests of students. The success of Herbart's methods led to their adoption in the teacher-training systems of numerous countries.

In the 20th century many new trends and problems in relation to the growth of the profession have arisen. Largely because of the teaching of the American philosopher and educator John Dewey, the study of methods of teaching has been recognized as a science. Standards for the certification of teachers were raised in all states. Elementary-school teachers were required to complete a college-degree course before being given a permanent teaching certificate, while study beyond a bachelor's degree has become necessary to teach on a permanent basis in high school. In addition to a thorough command of at least one academic subject, a qualified teacher is expected to have a broad background of general education, as well as professional preparation that includes the psychology of children or adolescents, the principles and techniques of teaching, and the historical foundations of education.

There are several hundred teachers colleges in the U.S., as well as private schools that train teachers of kindergarten and preschool education. With teaching now accorded full professional status, most colleges and universities have established departments of education. The work of these institutions has been responsible for much improvement in the standards of the teaching profession.

1) In the Middle Ages there were enough institutions offering instruction in the principles and practices of teaching.

2) Unfortunately during the 17^th and 18^th centuries teacher training was given little attention.

3) The Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools is known to be one of the earliest institutions to offer a program of teacher training.

4) The basic doctrine of all educational theory in the 18^th century was to first and foremost concern with subject matter.

5) Jean Jacques Rousseau and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi greatly influenced the development of the pedagogical theories in the 18^th century.

6) The idea to study the psychological processes of learning led to an important advance in teacher-training theories.

7) The study of methods of teaching has been recognized as a science only because the standards for the certification of teachers were raised.

8) In the USA it was required to complete a college-degree course to teach in high school.

9) Today teacher training includes courses in the psychology of children or adolescents, the principles and techniques of teaching, and the historical foundations of education.

10) Teaching being no prestigious any longer, departments of education at American universities are few.