IV. Choose the correct answer.

a) You mustn't / shouldn't have any problems with Jack. He's such a good baby.

b) You don't have to / mustn't use cream in this sauce, but it makes it much tastier.

c) I couldn't I wouldn't watch my favorite TV program because Sue rang up for a long chat.

d) Timmy's so stubborn. He just can't / won't do what he's told.

e) I'm afraid I cannot / may not come to your wedding as I'm on holiday in Australia.

f) I was able to / could get 10% off the marked price by paying in cash.

g) I should have gone / had to go to visit Uncle Tom in hospital after work, but I was too tired.

h) You don't have to / mustn't say a word about this to your mother. It's a surprise.

V. Study the content and composition of a personal invitation to a conference:

October 20, 2001

Dr. John S.Robson

New York University

4 East 5^th Street

New York, NY 16816-5416

USA

Dear Dr. Robson,

on behalf of our Organizing Committee I'd like to invite you to take part in the Xth Philological Conference which will be held in London under the sponsorship of National Academy of Sciences oft February 21-25, 1998. The topic of this year's conference is “Modern English Literature. Aspects of Development”. Participants from 5 foreign countries are supposed to participate in the confer­ence. You'll have a great opportunity to discuss the problems you are interested in. If you take interest in attending, please forward the enclosed application form to the Organizing Committee. An early reply will be appreciated.

Sincerely yours,

Sahar R. Hagen

Write the “yes” answer to the invitation in the same form. Use such phrases as:

Thank you very much for...

I'm very interested in..., I'll be very glad to discuss...

I'll be very pleased to give an invited lecture on…

VI. Supplementary reading. Translate the article. Prepare additional information on psychological testing in Ukraine.

Terman, Lewis Madison (1877-1956), American psychologist, is known for his specialized research in intelligence testing and educational experiments with intellectually gifted children. He was born in Johnson County, Indiana, and educated at the Central Normal College, Danville, Indiana, and Indiana University. He received his Ph.D. degree from Clark University in 1905. Terman taught psychology and pedagogy at the State Normal School in Los Angeles from 1906 to 1910, when he joined the faculty of Stanford University as professor of education.

Terman devised the term intelligence quotient (IQ), which became an index of measurement of the intelligence level of both children and adults, with a normal standard of 100. He also developed the so-called Stanford-Binet intelligence tests to measure the IQ. Among his many works are The Measurement of Intelligence (1916), The Intelligence of School Children (1919), The Stanford Achievement Test (1923), and Genetic Studies of Genius (1925-1959), a 5-vol. study of 1500 gifted children from adulthood through mid-life.

UNIT 19

I. Read the article and make a plan with key words (word combinations) to each item.

LIBRARIES

The central mission of a library is to collect, organize, preserve, and provide access to knowledge and information. In fulfilling this mission, libraries preserve a valuable record of culture that can be passed down to succeeding generations. Libraries are an essential link in this communication between the past, present, and future. Whether the cultural record is contained in books or in electronic formats, libraries ensure that the record is preserved and made available for later use. Libraries provide people with access to the information they need to work, play, learn, and govern.

Because no single library can contain the information sought by every potential user, different types of libraries exist to serve different needs. Libraries fall into six basic categories: (1) public libraries, which serve all members of the general public; (2) school libraries, which serve students and faculty through the high school level; (3) college and university libraries, which serve students and faculty in higher education; (4) research libraries, which serve the needs of advanced scholars; (5) special libraries, which serve various organizations, industries, and governmental agencies; and (6) government libraries, which serve governmental departments and agencies, and often the general public as well. Each type of library develops its mission statement, collections, services, and facilities to satisfy the needs of its particular clientele.

Research plays a central role in the academic work of students and faculty at colleges and universities. As a result, college and university libraries - also called academic libraries - are often considered the most important resource of an institution of higher education. Because students and faculty at colleges and universities may wish to conduct research within any conceivable academic discipline, the collections of academic libraries usually reflect a vast range of interests and formats. Academic libraries range in size from the modest collections found in small liberal arts colleges to the immense collections found at research universities. Research universities maintain some of the largest libraries in the world. Most academic libraries are linked to other libraries in cooperative networks, enabling them to share scarce and little-used materials required for advanced research. Many academic libraries open their collections to the public, although borrowing privileges are often limited for users not affiliated with the college or university.

The New York Public Library is the world’s largest public research library.

Although some research libraries permit only selected scholars to access their collections, many notable research libraries in the United States open their collections to the general public. The four research centres of the New York Public Library contain more than 40 million items (including about 13 million books), making it the world’s largest publicly accessible research library complex. Its research centres consist of the Centre for the Humanities, the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, the Schomburg Centre for Research in Black Culture, and the Science, Industry and Business Library, located in the Manhattan business district on Madison Avenue. Notable rarities include the only known copy of the 1493 Barcelona, Spain printing of the letter by Italian Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus announcing his arrival in the New World; the Bay Psalm Book, printed in 1640, which was the first book printed in what would become the United States; and a copy of the first printing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The division also has a complete copy of a Gutenberg Bible, printed sometime between 1450 and 1456, as well as impressive collections in the fields of English and American literature, children’s literature, and science fiction. The library’s manuscript holdings include British and American historical documents and excellent examples of medieval illuminated manuscripts.

Many research libraries are members of organizations that allow them to jointly publish catalogues of their holdings, collectively purchase library materials, and share other resources. The Association of Research Libraries represents more than 120 libraries in Canada and the United States. The organization serves as a forum to address common concerns of research libraries, to forge coalitions among libraries, and to support innovation and improvement in library operations. The Centre for Research Libraries in Chicago enables more than 160 member libraries in Canada and the United States to collectively store, preserve, and distribute infrequently used materials.

Most large research libraries in the United States publish descriptions and locations of their collections in catalogues compiled by online bibliographic programs such as the Online Computer Library Centre or the Research Libraries Information Network.