II. Combine the sentences, remembering to put the preposition after the verb in the relative clause.

Example: I want you to meet the people. I work with them.

I want you to meet the people I work with.

a) This is the book. I was telling you about it.

b) She's a friend. I can always rely on her.

c) That's the man. The police were looking for him.

d) She recommended a book by Robert Palmer. I'd never heard of him.

e) You paid £500 for a carpet. It has been reduced to £200. The carpet

f) The Prime Minister gave a good speech. I agree with his views.

g) He spoke about the environment. I care deeply about this.

h) What's that music? You're listening to it.

i) Her mother died last week. She looked after her for many years.

j) My daughter has started smoking. I disapprove of this.

III. Put each sentence into the passive to make it sound more natural.

a) Archaeologists discovered a medieval temple underneath the new housing estate.

A medieval temple

b) The sports officials held the races indoors because it was raining.

The races

c) Burglars had broken into our house and stolen all my jewellery.

Our house

d) Someone had booked the leisure centre for a children's party on Saturday.

The leisure centre

e) The plumber was fixing the dishwasher so I couldn't leave the house.

The dishwasher

f) When we returned to our hotel room, the chambermaid still hadn't cleaned it.

Our hotel room

g) The chef hadn't cooked the fish for long enough. It was still raw!

The fish

h) Workmen were putting up new traffic lights at the crossroads.

New traffic lights

IV. Open the brackets, using the correct form of the Gerund.

1. Do you enjoy (to study) at this Uni­versity?

2. Excuse me for (to give) you so much trouble.

3. I don't remember (to visit) this part of London.

4. Did you succeed in (to discuss) all the major prob­lems?

5. They were sure of (to invite) to his birthday party.

6. The old man couldn't stand (to make) fun of.

7. There are several ways of (to solve) this problem.

V. Write a paragraph about probable changes that may take place in the field of education in the 21^st century.

UNIT 15

I. Read the article and write T (for True) or F (for False) to each of the statements.

MONTESSORI’S METHOD

At the beginning of the 20th century, the writings of Swedish feminist and educator Ellen Key influenced education around the world. Key’s book Barnets arhundrade (The Century of the Child, 1909) was translated into many languages and inspired so-called progressive educators in various countries. Progressive education was a system of teaching that emphasized the needs and potentials of the child, rather than the needs of society or the principles of religion. Among the influential progressive educators were Hermann Lietz and Georg Michael Kerschensteiner of Germany, Bertrand Russell of England, and Maria Montessori of Italy.

Montessori’s methods of early childhood education have become internationally popular. Trained in medicine, Montessori worked with mentally handicapped children early in her career. The results of her work were so effective that she believed her teaching methods could be used to educate all children. In 1907 Montessori established a children’s school, the Casa dei Bambini (Children’s House), for poor children from the San Lorenzo district of Rome. Here she developed a specially prepared environment that featured materials and activities based on her observations of children. She found that children enjoy mastering specific skills, prefer work to play, and can sustain concentration. She also believed that children have a power to learn independently if provided a properly stimulating environment.

Montessori’s curriculum emphasized three major classes of activity: (1) practical, (2) sensory, and (3) formal skills and studies. It introduced children to such practical activities as setting the table, serving a meal, washing dishes, tying and buttoning clothing, and practicing basic social manners. Repetitive exercises developed sensory and muscular coordination. Formal skills and subjects included reading, writing, and arithmetic. Montessori designed special teaching materials to develop these skills, including laces, buttons, weights, and materials identifiable by their sound or smell. Instructors provided the materials for the children and demonstrated the lessons but allowed each child to independently learn the particular skill or behaviour.

In 1913 Montessori lectured in the United States on her educational method. American educators established many Montessori schools after these lectures, but they declined in popularity in the 1930s as American educators stressed greater authority and control in the classroom. A revival of Montessori education in the United States began in the 1950s, coinciding with a growing emphasis on early childhood education.

1) Progressive education was introduced at the beginning of the 20^th century.

2) The new system of teaching was progressive as it took into account the needs of the child, the needs of society, and the principles of religion.

3) The ideas of progressive education were widely spread in Europe.

4) Montessori believed that teaching methods both for handicapped and common children didn’t differ.

5) In progressive education children should learn guided by a teacher.

6) To form practical, sensory, and formal skills instructors used specially designed teaching materials.

7) Montessori found that children enjoy both work and play, and can sustain concentration.

8) In Montessori’s classes children mostly practised in setting the table, serving a meal, and washing dishes.

9) Montessori’s system became extremely popular in the United States after her lecturing there in 1913.

10) American educators stressed greater authority and control in the classroom even for early childhood education.

II. Choose which words fit the sentences.

a. I have four brothers. Every / Each of us is different.

b. “Can you help me with my homework?” “Sure. None / No problem.”

c. “Tea or coffee?”“ Either / Neither, thanks. I've got to rush.”

d. I have a shower every / each day.

e. I've got thirty people in my class, and every / each student is special to me.

f. “How much are the roses?” “One pound either / each. ”

g. “Red wine or white?” “ Either / Neither, whichever is open.”

h. I know every / each word of his songs by heart.

i. There are fifteen rooms in this hotel. Each / Every room is a little different.

j. You can have either / each an orange or an apple, but you can't have either / both.

III. Rewrite these sentences using the words in brackets.

a. I won't come if they don't invite me. (unless)

b. What would you do if he left you? (supposing)

c. If you join the tennis club, I will too. (provided that)

d. We're going to install a smoke alarm. There may be a fire, (in case)

e. She won't get that job if she doesn't learn to speak French, (unless)

f. If the lifeguard hadn't been there, what would have happened? (imagine)

g. I won't go out this evening. Paul might ring, (in case)

h. I'll come at 8.00 if that's all right with you. (as long as)

IV. Had done, had been doing or was doing? Put in the correct form of the verbs.

1. Lucy went into the living-room. It was empty but the televi­sion was still warm. Someone / watch/ it.

2. I /play/ tennis, so I had a shower. I was annoyed because I /not win/ a single game.

3. The walkers finally arrived at their destination. They /walk/ all day, and they needed a rest. They / walk/ thirty miles.

4. When I saw Ben last week he said he /stop/ smoking. But when I saw him two days later, he /smoke/ a cigarette. He took the cigarette from his mouth and looked rather ashamed.

5. Harry found a note from Graham in Celia's coat. That's how Harry found out they /have/ an affair. In fact they /see/ each other for months. Graham's wife /know/ about it all the time.

V. Imagine that you are asked to give advice how to prepare for an English exam in the best way. Write a short letter to a friend of yours sharing your experience of organizing the work and daily routine before the exam.

UNIT 16

I. Read the article and answer the questions in a written form.

THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

Library of Congress is the largest and most comprehensive library in the world, located in Washington, D.C. The Library of Congress functions as the national library of the United States, although it has never been officially recognized as such through legislation. The library’s primary purpose is to serve the Congress of the United States, but its collections, services, and reading rooms are freely available for use by all persons over high school age. The Library of Congress also serves as the official copyright agency of the United States.

Established by an act of Congress in 1800, the library was first located in the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. Today the Library of Congress occupies three large buildings in the Capitol Hill area of the city, near the Capitol building and the United States Supreme Court building. Approximately 1 million people visit the library each year.

The Library of Congress also works closely with specialized libraries in the executive branch of government that have been designated by Congress as national libraries. These include the National Library of Medicine, the National Agricultural Library, and the National Library of Education.

The collections of the Library of Congress contain more than 120 million items, including more than 18 million books, 12 million photographs, 4.5 million maps, and 2.5 million sound recordings. These collections have an enormous scope, consisting of research materials on most subjects and in more than 450 languages. The library's collections are especially strong in American history, politics, and literature; music; geography; law (especially foreign law); economics; genealogy; U.S. public documents; the history of science; libraries and librarianship; and bibliography in all subjects.

The materials have a wide range of formats, including written manuscripts, maps, musical recordings, microforms, motion pictures, photographs, posters, prints and drawings, radio and television broadcasts, talking books (audio recordings of books, designed for use by the visually impaired), newspapers, technical reports, videotapes and videodiscs, CD-ROMs, and computer programs. The library's collections of books, maps, atlases, newspapers, music, motion pictures, photographs, and microforms are the largest in the world. Especially notable among the library’s collections are its copyright deposits, personal papers, and foreign language collections.

1) What is the status of the Library of Congress?

2) What are the Library’s functions?

3) Does it open its collections to the general public?

4) How often is it visited by readers?

5) The collections of the Library of Congress contain mostly books, do they?

6) When and where was the Library established?

7) Which of the Library’s collections are the largest in the world?

II. Choose the correct meaning of the word:

1. A bibliography is: a) a book b) a story about your past c) a list

2. A reference is: a) an essay b) an indicator c) a place

3. A manuscript is: a) a science b) information c) composition

4. A catalog is: a) a complete enumeration of items b) a specific feature d) an argument

5. A volume is: a)abig amount of smth. b) a tome c) a printed report

6. A copy is: a)an idea b) a certificate c) a reproduction of smth original