Дополнительные тексты (В, С, D, E)

(А, В, С) Упражнение 1. Прокомментируйте следующие высказывания, не пользуясь информацией из текста.

1) A tractor is one of the main machines on the farm.

2) The maximum horse power of a tractor is from 200- to 300 h.p.

3) A standard tractor has 4 wheels.

4) Crawlers can do transportation work.

5) Air-conditioned cabs are fitted to the tractor.

Text B

Tractors

In agriculture tractors find their use in the wide variety of farm jobs such as ploughing, disking, planting, cultivating, fertilizing, harvesting, transport works, and running machinery off the PTO shaft. They have entirely displaced horses for farm work. In addition to pulling implements, a tractor may be used with implements for bush-cleaning, ditch-filling and land-leveling. Small tractors from 1 to 10 h.p. (horse power), fitted with single or twin cylinder petrol engines, may be used for garden and orchard work.

The first successful gasoline tractor was built in the United States in 1892.

Major changes in tractor design throughout the century have produced a much more efficient and useful machine. Principle among these were the power take off, introduced in 1918, all-purpose or tricycle tractor in 1924, rubber tires in 1932, diesel power in 1950-1960s, switch to four-wheel drives. The last innovations have led to the development of enormous tractors usually with double tires on each wheel and enclosed air-conditioned cabs.

Farm tractors may be divided into two groups: wheeled and track-laying (or crawlers). Wheeled tractors may be subdivided into standard and row-crop types. Standard wheeled tractors are used for general work, row-crop tractors can be used for all ordinary purposes and for working on root and other row crops. Track-laying tractors can be used for heavy loads on almost any class of land.

(А) Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие словосочетания из текста.

-P.t.o shaft;

-Horse power;

-Gasoline tractor;

-Double tires;

-Air-conditioned cab;

-Row-crop tractors;

-Root crops;

-Heavy loads;

-Land.

(А, В) Упражнение 3. Выпишите из текста все слова и словосочетания, которые можно отнести к следующим понятиям:

· Farm jobs;

· Tractor design;

· Tractor engine;

· Wheeled tractor;

· Crawler.

 

(В) Упражнение 4. Прочтите первые предложения каждого абзаца и скажите, какие вопросы будут обсуждаться в тексте.

 

(В) Упражнение 5. В каких абзацах речь идет о:

1) The variety of farm jobs performed by a tractor. paragraph №...

2) Types of tractors. paragraph №...

3) Track-laying tractors. paragraph №...

4) Changes in tractor design. paragraph №...

5) The last innovations in tractor design. paragraph №.

 

Text C

«Fertilizing Equipment»

(А, В, С) Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст (не пользуясь словарем) и ответьте на следующие вопросы.

Why do you need fertilizers?

Fertilizers are required where soils are deficient in plant food elements. Fertilizers can be applied to the soil in several forms, such asbarnyard manure, granular fertilizers, and fertilizers in liquid and gas form. Special equipment is required for the handling of these types of fertilizers.

 

How does a manure spreader work?

The manure spreader is a machine for carrying barnyard manure to the field and spreading it uniformly over the land. They may be classified as ground-driven and power-take-off-driven. The principal parts of the manure spreader are the frame, the box, the conveyor, the beaters, and the wide spread.

 

What type of a distributor will you use if you need to apply large quantities of fertilizers?

Fertilizer distributors may be divided into the full-width machines, broadcast machines, and liquid fertilizer applicators. Full-width machines are used where it is required to apply high quantities of fertilizer uniformly. Broadcast machines apply the material over considerably greater distances that their own width.

When are sprayers used?

Liquid fertilizers are applied by spraying equipment. High –pressure, high-volume sprayers and low-pressure, low-volume sprayers are available.

 

(А, В, С) Упражнение 2. Выпишите ключевые предложения каждого абзаца.

(А, В, С) Упражнение 3. Напишите аннотацию текста на русском / английском языке.

Text D

Farm Machinery Maintenance and Repair

 

1. Agricultural implements are constructed in a way that they may be kept in good working order by systematic checking and making the necessary adjustments, replacements, and repairs. The maintenance of farm machinery depends on the type of an implement. Maintenance activities include oil and filter changes, battery replacement, lubrications, and repairs such as light metal machining.

2. Cultivators are not complicated implements and their maintenance will consist mainly of replacing or reversing the points. If a cultivator is fitted with wheels, the wheel bearings will require dairy lubrication.

3. As to the maintenance of a plough it will consist of lubrication. Replacement of ploughshares will be necessary as the work proceeds. At the end of the season’s work moldboards and disc coulters should be coated with an anti-rust preparation.

4. Maintenance of fertilizing equipment is also necessary. The chains and sprockets of manure spreaders will require correct lubrication. The fertilizer hopper should be empted at the end of day’s work.

5. Harvesting equipment has to receive good maintenance. The lubrication is divided into points that require daily, weekly, and annual attention.

6. For the engine it is important that it does not overheat and does not run too cool.

 

(А) Упражнение 1. Перечислите виды технического обслуживания сельскохозяйственной техники.

(А) Упражнение 2. О каких группах сельскохозяйственной техники идет речь и в каких абзацах.

(В) Упражнение 3. Назовите вид технического обслуживания, который применим ко всем группам техники.

(В) Упражнение 4. Назовите детали машин, к которым применяется ремонт и обслуживание.

(В, С) Упражнение 5. Прочтите текст и объясните его название.

(С) Упражнение 6. Выскажите свое мнение о том:

1) Можно ли избежать ремонта;

2) Что необходимо делать, чтобы избежать ремонта;

3) Почему ремонт и обслуживание необходимы.

Text E

Combine Harvesters

The combine harvester is used to harvest all types of grain and seed crops. The combine cuts and threshes the grain in one operation.

There are 2 main types of combine harvesters: the tractor-drawn and self-propelled.

The self-propelled machine is the main type of a combine. It has the threshing mechanism powered by its own engine. It is operated by a man. All the controls used to operate the combine are closed to the driver. Self-propelled combines are made in width of cut ranging from about 1.5 m to 6 m. They have a large variation in forward speed and this allows it to deal with a wide range of crops.

The tractor- drawn combine is drawn by a tractor. The smaller combines are driven from the power-take-off of the tractor, while the larger sizes have an auxiliary engine mounted on the combine to drive it.

Combine output depends on the capacity of the threshing and cleaning mechanism of the machine.

(А) Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст и найдите предложения, в которых говорится о:

1) Типах комбайнов;

2) Управлении самоходным комбайном;

3) Управлении прицепным комбайном.

(А, В, С) Упражнение 2. Переведите текст на русский язык.

(А, В, С) Упражнение 3. Выпишите необходимую терминологию для описания комбайна.

(В, С) Упражнение 4. Расскажите, что вы узнали о принципе работы комбайна.

GRAMMAR REVISION

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задания раздела Grammar Revision, вам необходимо повторить (изучить) и усвоить самостоятельно материал по указанным темам грамматики, опираясь на школьные знания грамматики английского языка и справочный материал, представленный в модуле 3, разделе 3.1.

Следующие тренировочные задания распределены по трем уровням сложности (А, В, С), что помогает проверить и оценить глубину и качество усвоения материала.

Максимальная оценка знаний на первом уровне (А) – 6 баллов, на втором – (В) – 8 баллов, на третьем (С) – 10 баллов.

 

Отличительные особенности Причастия I