The is used both with singular and plural nouns to refer to something that is known.

1. When it’s clear which thing or person we mean.

e.g. Give me the chair. (Дай мені (цей)стілець.)

2. the + superlative + noun

e.g.She is the most beautiful girl in my class.

3. The + things that are unique

e.g. the sun, the sky, etc.

4. The + adjective

e.g. The young should respect the old.

5. The + nationality (when you mean the people of that country)

e.g. The English drink a lot of tea.

The French are famous for their food.

6. The … + of

e.g. the Europe of the Middle Ages;

the door of the room;

the Statue of Liberty;

the Bank of Scotland.

7. The + ordinal numeral

e.g. He is in the first form.

8. The + the name which denotes the whole family

e.g. The Ivanovs lived in Kharkiv.

9. The + names that include: union, republic, states, kingdom

e.g. the United States – Сполучені Штати

the United Kindom - Сполучене Королівствою

10. The + plural names

e.g. the Netherlands – Нідерланди

the Philippines – Філіппіни.

11. The + rivers, seas, oceans, lakes; mountain ranges

e.g. the Pacific Ocean

the Biack Sea

the Suez Channel –

the Thames (or the River Thames)

the Baikal (but: Lake Baikal)

the Alps

12.

Theatres, cinemas, art galleries, clubs, museums, hotels, concert halls

 

the +

 

 

e.g. the Shevchenko Drama Theatre

the National Gallery

the British Museum

the Plaza Hotel

 

restaurants, pubs, cafes

13. the +

 

e.g. the Rock Café

the Red Lion (pub)

names of newspapers

14. the +

 

e.g. the Times

the Washingtjn Post

Remember!

Zero article +	streets, roads, squares, parks; individual mountains; airports, stations, languages, transport, sports, natural phenomena, meals	e.g. Оxford Street Trafalgar Square Hyde Park Mount Everest by train / car / dus / texibasketball fog for breakfast / lunch
collective nouns	e.g. luggage furniture jewellery rubbish cutlery machinery etc.

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Subject pronouns	Object pronouns
singular	plural	singular	plural
I You He She it	We You they	Me You Him Her it	Us You them

Compare:

Did anyone tell (whom?) the boss or them? (object)

It was (who?) Tony and she (subject) who told (whom?) us (object) about thet

Remember!

They often use object pronouns:

1. after be

e.g. Who is it?- It’s me/him/her/us/them (informal).

2. in answer to questions with who?

e.g. Who told him? – Me/Not me (informal)

or I did/ I didn’t (formal).

3. after as and then

e.g. He’s taller than me /He is as tall as me (informal)

orHe’s taller than I am /He is tall as I am (formal)

Compare:

Ted cares for her as much as I. (Ted cares for her as much as I cares for her)	Ted cares for her as much as me. (Ted cares for her as much as he cares for her me)
These sentences are both correct because they have two different meanings. So decide which meaning you want. Then choose either I or me.

Possessives

Possessive adjectives (followed by nouns)	Possessive pronouns (not followed by nouns)
my your his her its our your their	mine yours him hers - ours yours theirs

Reflexive Pronouns

singular	plural
my self your self him self her self it self	our selves your selves them selves

Reflexive Pronouns are used:

1. after behave, bur, cut, hurt, enjoy, dry, laugh at, look etc. when the subject and object of verb are the same.

e.g. Did you hurt yourself?

but: not after wash, shave, dress etc.

2. after be, look, seem to descry

e.g. She doesn’t look herself these days.

but: I feel fine.

3. in the meaning without help.

e.g. He painted the house himself (without help).

4. for emphasis.

e.g. You yourself said that she was a great writer.

Some, Any

some	any
1.Affirmatives: e.g. I want some tomatoes. There is some bread on the table.	1.Questions: e.g. Is there any meat in the fridge?
2.Offers and requests: e.g. May I have some tea? Would you like some tea? Do you want some tomatoes?	2.Negatives: e.g. I don’t want any tomatoes.
3.With hardly, without, never: There’s hardly any mil. O found a taxi without any trouble.
	4.Affirmatives: In the meaning it doesn’t matter who, what, which or if any exists. e.g. Any news you have could be useful.
5.In conditionals: e.g. If any news comes, let me know.

One, ones