Usual Order of Fact Adjectives

(you won't often find them all in one sentence)

number How many/much	opinion What’s like	size How big	age How old	shape	colour What colour	pattern	origion Tiere from	material it's made of	purpose hat's it for	noun
one	nice	small	new	round	yellow	striped	English	rubber	-	all

 

Degrees of Comparison

The Positive Degree (звичайний ступінь порівняння)

1. a) as + many/much + noun + as e.g. We need as + much + sugar + as possible. b) twice as + many/much + noun + as e.g. He earns three times + as + much money + as Ido. Він заробляє втричі більшe ніж я. c)as … as / so... as (in negative sentences) e.g. My house is as high as his. Мій будинок такий же високий, як і його. d) the same + (noun) + as + noun /pronoun e.g. I have the same job as he has. The opposite of the same as is different from e.g. Their teacher is different from ours. Їхня вчителька відрізняється від нашої.

The Comparative Degree (вищий ступінь порівняння)

2.subject + verb + comparative + than + (noun, pronoun) e.g. Today is hotter (adj) than yesterday. He visits his family less frequently (adv.) than she does.

Remember!

e.g. 1) I am younger than he (is young) (he — subject (who?); him — incor­rect).

2) John can run as fast as we (can run) (we — subject (who?); us — incorrect).

2. the + comparative + subject + verb + the + comparative + subject + verb e.g. The older I get the wiser I become. Чим старшим я є, тим мудрішим я стаю.
The Superlative Degree (найвищий ступінь порівняння)
1. subject + verb + the + superlative + noun e.g. It's the + longest + day of the year. She was + the most beautiful + girl. \but: the — superlative — noun e.g. England is best in spring.
2. Sometimes most (дуже) + adjective e.g. It was most kind of you to help me. Було дуже люб’язно з вашого боку допомогти мені.
3. superlative + in + adverbial of place (group of people) e.g. 1. I am the happi est man in the world. 2. She is the fast est player in the team.
Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives
adjective/adverb	Comparative	Superlative
far little much / many good / well bad / badly	farther / further less more better worse	farthest / furthest least most best worst

Remember!

two people, things, actions + comparative three or more people, thing, actions + superlative

It is possible to compare two things / people without using than.

 

comparative	1. of the two +... the + comparative 2. or e.g. a) I am the smart er of the two boys. b) Of thetwo books, litis one is the more interest- ing.	1. comparative + than e.g. a) She is tall er than her three sisters.
superlative	2. the + superlative +	in+singular countable noun
of+plural countable noun
e.g. a) Ann is the tall est of her three sisters. b) Ofthe three books, this one is the most inter- esting. c) John is the tallest boy in the family.

Revision of Tenses

1. a) Form

	Simple(Indefinite)	Continuous	Perfect
Present	I форма дієслова e.g. I go to school. I don't go to school. Does he (she) go to school?	am (I), is (singular) + ing are(plural) e.g. 1 am going to school. I am not going to school. Are you going to school?	have, has + III форма дієслова < -ed done e.g. I have gone to school. I have not gone to school. Has he gone to school?
Past	II форма дієслова < -ed went e.g. I went to school. I didn't go to school. Did you go to school?	was (singular) + ing were(plural) e.g. I was going to school. I was not going to school. Were you going to school?	Had + III форма дієслова e.g. I had gone to school. I had not gone to school. Had he gone to school?
Future	shall(I, we) will + I форма дієслова e.g. I shall go to school. I shall not (shan't) go to school. Will you go to school?	shall be + ing will be e.g. I shall be going to school. I shall not be going to school. Will you be going to school?	Shall have will have + III форма дієслова e.g. I shall have gone to school. I shall not have gone to school. Will he have gone to school?

 

Note: Present Perfect Continuous

have been

+ ing

has been

e.g. I have been working.

(дія почалася в минулому і тривала/все ще триває в цей момент)

Past Perfect Continuous

had been + ing

e.g. I had been working before he came.

(тривала дія, яка почалася до іншої дії в минулому)

Remember Stative Verbs!

Stative are verbs which describe a state rather than an action,

an so do not usually have a contmuous tens.

 

I. Verbs of the senses   feel Відчувати, вважати hear Чути notice Помічати see Бачити smell відчувати запах, пахнути taste Відчувати смак, мати смак sound звучати look дивитися, виглядати seem видаватися

but see — зустрічати(ся), проводжати. e.g. He is seeing off his friend. smell — нюхати. e.g. She is smelling the flower.

II. Verbs which express feelings and emotions adore обожнювати care піклуватися dislike не любити fear боятися hate ненавидіти hope сподіватися like любити, подобатися love кохати, любити regret шкодувати respect поважати desire / want / wish бажати need потребувати prefer надавати перевагу

III. Verbs of perception consider Вважати fancy уявляти, пропускати imagine Уявляти know Знати mind Мати на увазі remember Пам’ятати think Думати understand Розуміти believe вірити

but think – міркувати e.g. I am thinking of what you have just told me.

IV. Some others verbs Agree погоджуватися Believe вірити Cost коштувати Depend залежати Differ відрізнятися Matter мати значення Have мати Be бути

but have – мати, зазнавати e.g. I am having a great time.

 

Future-in-the Past

	Simple-in-the Past	Contionuous-in-the Past	Perfect-in-the Past
Future	Should + I форма дієслова Would e.g. He said that she would come in time.	Should + be +ing Would e.g. I thought that we should be working all day.	Should + have + III форма дієслова Would e.g. He asked whether they would have taken their exams by the first of June

	Simple (Indefinite)	Continuous	Perfect
Present	means the fact of an action in the Present.	means the process of an action in the Pre­sent	means an action which took place before the present moment
Past	means the fact of an action in the Past.	means the process of an action in the Past	means an action which took place before another past action
Future	means the fact of an action in the future.	means the process of an action in the Fu­ture	means an action which will take place before another future action

 

Compare:

Present Perfect	Past Simple
1.I have lived in Rome for six months. (I still do.) 2.Sally has written many plays. (She is still alive.) 3.He has worked as a doctor all his life.	1. I lived in Rome for a year. (Now live somewhere else, not in Rome.) 2.Shakespeare wrote many plays. (ft is dead.) 3.He worked as a doctor last year.

 

Passive Voice

	Simple (Indefinite)	Continuous	Perfect
Present	am, is +III форма дієслова are e.g. I am invited to the party.(Мене запрошують на вечірку.)	am, is +being+III форма дієслова are e.g. The company is being reorganized.(Компанію реорганізовують.)	Have +been+ III форма дієслова Has e.g. The company has been reorganized.(Компанію реорганізували нещодавно.)
Past	Was + III форма дієслова Were e.g. I was invited to the party. (Мене запросили на вечірку.)	Was + Being+ III форма дієслова Were e.g. The company was be­ing reorganised. (Компанію реорганізували.)	Had+been+ III форма дієслова e.g. The company had been reorganised by that time. (Компанію реорганізували до того часу.)
Future	Shall Be+ III форма дієслова Will e.g. He will be invited to the party. (Його запросять на вечірку.)		Shall Have-been+ III форма дієслова Will e.g. The company will have been reorganised. (Компанію реорганізовують(до певного моменту в майбутньому))

Used to

Is used

1. to express a past habit.

e.g. He used to play football, but now he doesn't.

The questions form is not often used. You should ask a question in the Past

Simple and reply using used to.

e.g. – Where did you go on holiday when you were young?

- We used to go camping in France.

2. to express a past state.

e.g. They used to be happy together, but now they fight.

Would

Is used

1. to express past repeated actions and routines but not states.

e.g. When she was young, she would /used to go cycling every day.

Stative verbs are not used with would.

e.g. He used to live in a cottage.