List the words from the text in the columns in dependence on part of

speech. _______________________________________________

Noun __________ ad jective ________ verb ____________ 3<lverb______

VI. Make the degrees of comparisons of adjectives and adverbs from the
exercise V.

VII. Decide whether each sentence expresses equivalence, non equivalence
or the superlative, underline the words expressing the comparison.

____ 1. The abacus is a simple device.

____ 2. The speed of the calculations was the same.

____ 3. The bigger the computer, the more complex the operations it can do.

____ 4. He found a faster way to compute the US census.

____ 5. Leibniz's mechanical device was not the same as Pascaline.

____ 6. In 1970's, there were fewer computers than today.

____ 7. As many as 80 variables could be stored on a single card.

____ 8. The first all-electronic computer can be compared to a modern one,

VIII. Make up questions to the text.

IX. Imagine! You are the guide at the Computer History Museum.

Tell visitors about early computing machines.

4. Five Generations of Modern Computers
Word list

l.sought(BW seek) [so:t] шукати, прагнути, намагатись

2.to hasten [heisnj прискорювати

3. broad [bro:d| широкий

4. relay [ri'lei] техн. реле; зміна

5. inflexible [in'fleksabl] негнучкий, жорсткий

6. spur [sps'l стимул, поштовх

7. to dim [dim] робити неясним, затіняти

8. to shrink Г/ririk] стискувати

9. efficient [iTijsnt] ефективний

 

10. demand [di'mand] потреба, попит

11. solid ['solid] твердий

12. to eliminate [i'limineifj усувати(помилки), знищувати

13. to integrate [intigreit] інтегрувати

14. to squeeze [skwi:z] стискувати

15. affordable [a'fo.'debl] той що можна дозволити

16. to harness [ha;nis| використовувати

17. mainframe [mainfbim] універсальна ЕОМ

18. missile ['misail] реактивний снаряд

Text "Five generations of modern computers"

First Generation (1945-1956)

During the Second World War, governments sought to develop computers to exploit their potential strategic importance. This increased funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress. By 1941 German engineer Konrad Zuse had developed a computer, the Z3, to design airplanes and missiles. The Allied forces, however, made greater strides in developing powerful computers. In 1943, the British completed a secret code-breaking computer called Colossus to decode German messages,

American efforts produced a broader achievement. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing an all-electronic calculator by 1944. The Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I for short, was a electronic relay computer. It used electromagnetic signals to move mechanical parts. The inaclune was slow (taking 3-5 seconds per calculation) and inflexible (in that sequences of calculations could not change); but it could perform basic arithmetic as well as more complex equations.

Another computer development spurred by the war was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), produced by a partnership between the U.S. government and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer was such a massive piece of machinery that it consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power, enough energy to dim the lights in an entire section of Philadelphia. Unlike the Colossus and Mark I, was a general-purpose computer that computed at speeds 1,000 times faster than Mark

Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. This "stored memory" technique as well as the "conditional control transfer," that allowed the computer to be stopped at any point and then resumed, allowed for greater versatility in computer programming. The key element to the von Neumann architecture was the central processing unit, which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source.

First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were made-to-order for the specific task for which the computer was to be used. Each computer had a different binary-coded program called a machine language tliat told it how to operate. This made the computer difficult lo program and limited its versatility and speed. Other distinctive features of first generation computers were the use of vacuum tubes (responsible for their breathtaking size) and magnetic drams for data storage.