III. Complete the passages using the words.

However, some problems remain. The most important is______. When

you send an e-mail message to somebody, this_____ can travel through many

different networks and computers. The______ are constantly being directed

towards its destination by special computers called_____. Because of this, it is

possible lo get into any of computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programs available, nearly all the information being sent

over_____ is transmitted without any forms of encoding, i.e. "in the clear".

But when it becomes necessary to send important information over the

network, these_____ may by useful. Some American banks and companies

even conduct______ over the Internet. However, there are still both

commercial and_____ problems which routers will take lime to be resolved.

Words: Internet, encoding programs, security, technical, transactions, data, message.

IV. Choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences.

і. instruct, instruction, instructive.

a) Computers can deal with different kinds of problems if they are given the right what to do,

b) Programs_____ computer what to do.

2. account, accountable, accounting, accountant.

a) Each computer carries log_____.

b)______ allows users to use the Internet, send messages by e-mail.

Texts for Supplementary Reading 1. Modern Computing Languages

C++ was developed from the C language. It was designed as a systems programnring language with features that make it easy to control the computer hardware efficiently. It was used to produce the Microsoft Windows operating system. It is portable, i.e. programs written in C++ can be easily adapted for use on many different types of computer systems.

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is a page description language used for creating webpages. HTML uses a system of tags to mark page links and formatting. For example, the tag <u> tells the program to start underlining a text. Although programs cannot be created using HTML, small programs can be embedded in HTML code using a scripting language like JavaScript.

Java is a programming language originally designed for programming small electronic devices such as mobile phones. It can run unchanged on any operating system that has a Java Interpreler program. Java is used for writing programs for the World Wide Web.

JavaScript is a scripting language. It is powerful and easy to use. Scripts are small programs that can be used to perform simple tasks or tie other programs logethcr. JavaScript is designed for use inside webpages. It can enable a webpage to respond to a mouse click or input on a form. It can also provide a way of moving through webpages and produce simple animation.

Visual Basic is a programming environment, not simply a language. It uses the language BASIC, a simple language developed to make it easy for

people to loam how to program. Visual Basic has predefined objects such as dialog boxes, buttons, and text boxes which can be chosen from a toolbox and dragged across the screen using the mouse and dropped into the required position. BASIC programming code is attached to form a complete program. Visual Basic is used to write general purpose applications for the Windows operating system.

Delphi is similar to Visual Basic. It is also a programming environment for developing programs for the Windows operating system. It lias predefined objects that can be chosen from a toolbox. In Delphi, however, the code attached to the objects is written in a form of Pascal. You can think of Delphi as a kind of 'Visual Pascal'. Like Visual Basic, it is often used for general purpose programs.

2. Careers in Computing Systems Analyst

Studies methods of working within an organization to decide how tasks can be done efficiently by computers. Makes a detailed analysis of the employer's requirements and work patterns to prepare a report on different options for using information technology. This may involve consideration of hardware as well as software. Either uses standard computer packages or writes a specification for programmers to adapt existing software or to prepare new software. May oversee the implementation and testing of a system and acts as a link between the user and the programmer.

Software Engineer/Designer

Produces the programs which control the internal operations of computers. Converts the system analyst's specification to a logical series of steps, Translates these into the appropriate computer language. Often compiles programs from libraries or sub-programs, combining these to make up a complete systems program. Designs, tests, and improves programs for computer-aided design and manufacture, business applications, computer networks, and games.

Computer Salesperson

Advises potential customers about available hardware and sells equipment to suit individual requirements. Discusses computing needs with the client to ensure that a suitable system can be supplied. Organizes the sale and delivery and, if necessary, installation and testing. May arrange support or training, maintenance, and consultation. Must have sufficienl technical knowledge.

Computer Systems Support Person

Systems support people are analyst programmers who are responsible for maintaining, updating, and modifying the software used by a company. Some specialize in software which handles the basic operation of the computers. This

involves the use of machine codes and specialized low-level computer languages. Most handle applications software. May sort out problems encountered by users. Solving problems may involve amending an area of code in the software, retrieving files and data lost when a system crashes, and a basic knowledge of hardware.