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Hans Eysenck to understand the differences between introverts and extra verts.
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- Text 1: the Russian Federation
- Table: Modern history of Great Britain
- Text 2: Prozac - discovering happiness.
- Сложное дополнение (complex object. )
- He started reading the book.
- Сослагательное наклонение в условных предложениях
- Using the pseudonym Dr. Mises, he wrote a number of satires about the medicine and philosophy of his day.
- Sir Francis died in 1911, after an incredibly productive life.
- In 1920, he wrote Erlebtes and Erkanntes, his autobiography. A short time later, on August 31, 1920, he died.
- The observer must maintain strained attention.
- History of Psychology: Psychoanalysis
- Charcot died in Morvan, France, on August 16,1893.
- It was Freud who would later add what Breuer did not acknowledge publicly — that secret sexual desires lay at the bottom of all these hysterical neuroses.
- Transference, catharsis, and insight
- Ego, personal unconcious, and collective unconscious
- Other archetypes include father, child, family, hero, maiden, animal, wise old man, the hermaphrodite, God, and the first man.
- Adler added that, at the center of each of our lifestyles, there sits one of these fictions, an important one about who we are and where we are going.
- Hans Eysenck to understand the differences between introverts and extra verts.
- The following year, he was made an instructor. He developed a well-run animal lab where he worked with i ate, monkeys, and terns. Johns Hopkins offered him a
- In 1936, he was hired as vice-president of another agency, William Esty and Company. He devoted himself to business until he retired ten years later. He died in New York City on September 25, 1958.
- Although he appreciated the behaviorist agenda for making psychology into a true objective science, he felt Watson and others had gone too far.
- A behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future.
- Unit 5 History of Psychology Phenomenology and Existentialism
- His last work, The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (1936), introduced the concept of Lebenswelt. The next year, he became ill and, on April 27, 1938, he died.
- We become authentic by thinking about being, by facing anxiety and death head-on. Here, he says, lies joy.
- Kurt Koffka was born March 18, 1886, in Berlin. He received his PhD from the University of Berlin in 1909, and, just like Kohler, became an assistant at Frankfurt.
- This theory inspired any number of psychologists in the U.S., most particularly those in social psychology. Among the people he influenced were Muzafer Sherif, Solomon Asch, and Leon Festinger.
- Other people's homes while his parents continued their life in India.
- Donald Olding Hebb was born in 1904 in Chester, Nova Scotia. He graduated from Dalhousie University in 1925, and tried to begin a career as a novelist. He wound up as a school principle in Quebec.
- Towards the environmental psychology of his friend J. J. Gibson.
- A spirit of caste is also bad, which compels a man of genius to select his wife from a narrow neighborhood or from the members of a few families.
- The grass out of the window now looks to me of the
- But we do far more than emphasize things, and unite some, and keep others apart. We actually ignore most of the things before us. Let me briefly show how this goes on.
- I have represented the structural relations within the mental personality, as I have explained them to you, in a simple diagram, which I here reproduce.
- We said good-bye, and I made an effort to thank Mrs. Nash, but she seemed to be puzzled by that too, and Frazier frowned as if I had committed some breach of good taste.
- Frazier held out his hands in an exaggerated gesture of appeal.
- I haven't been acting like myself; it doesn't seem like me; I'm a different person altogether from what I used to be in the past.
- I will work toward my degree; I'll start looking for a Job this week.
- Chapter X General description of the types
- Suffers, to say nothing of the soul. Although, as a rule, the extravert takes small note of this latter circumstance,
- As a result of the general attitude of extraversion, thinking is orientated by the object and objective data. This orientation of thinking produces a noticeable peculiarity.
- Or less tautological position. The materialistic mentality presents a magnificent example of this.
- We have now outlined two extreme figures, between which terminals the majority of these types may be graduated.
- The ascendancy of the feeling that is chained to the object.
- here — здесь, тут there — там
Another set of terms that comes from Pavlov are the first and second signal systems. The first signal system is where the conditioned stimulus (a bell) acts as a «signal* that an important event is to occur — i.e. the unconditioned stimulus (the meat). The second signal system is when arbitrary symbols come to stand for stimuli, as they do in human language.
Edward Lee Thorndike
Over in America, things were happening as well. Edward Lee Thorndike, although technically a functionalist, was setting the stage for an American version of Russian behaviorism. Thorndike (1874-1949) got his bachelors degree from Wesleyan University in Connecticut in 1895 and his masters from Harvard in 1897. While there he took a class from William James and they became fast friends. He received a fellowship at Columbia, and got his PhD in 1898. He stayed to teach at Columbia until he retired in 1940.
He will always be remembered for his cats and his poorly constructed «puzzleboxes». These boxes had escape mechanisms of various complexities that required that the cats do several behaviors in sequence. From this research, he concluded that there were two «laws» of learning:
The law of exercise, which is basically the same as Aristotle's law of frequency. The more often an association (or neural connection) is used, the stronger the connection. Naturally, the less it is used, the weaker the connection. These two were referred to as the law of use and disuse respectively.
2. The law of effect. When an association is followed by a «satisfying state of affairs*, the connection is strengthened. And, likewise, when an association is followed by an unsatisfying state of affairs, it is weakened. Except for the «mentalistic» language («satisfying* is not behavioral), it is the same thing as Skinner's operant conditioning.
In 1929, his research led him to abandon all of the above except what we would now call reinforcement (the first half of law 2).
He is also known for his study of transfer of training. It was believed back then (and is still often believed) that studying difficult subjects —• even if you would never use them — was good for you because it «strengthened* your mind, sort of like exercise strengthens your muscles. It was used back then to justify making kids learn Latin, just like it is used today to justify making kids learn calculus. He found, however, that it was only the similarity of the second subject to the first that leads to improved learning in the second subject. So Latin may help you learn Italian, or algebra may help you learn calculus, but Latin won't help you learn calculus, or the other way around.
John Broadus Watson
John Watson was born January 9,1878 in a small town outside Greenville, South Carolina. He was brought up on a farm by a fundamentalist mother and a carousing father. When John was 12, they moved into the town of Greenville, but a year later his father left the family. John became a troublemaker and barely passed in school.
At 16, he began attending Furman University, also in Greenville, and he graduated at 22 with a Masters degree. He then went on to the University of Chicago to study under John Dewey. He found Dewey incomprehensible* and switched his interests from philosophy to psychology and neurophysiology. Dirt poor, he worked his way through graduate school by waiting tables, sweeping the psych lab, and feeding the rats.
In 1902 he suffered from a «nervous breakdown* which had been a long time coming. He had suffered from an intense fear of the dark since childhood — due to stories he had heard in childhood about the devil doing his work in the night — and this grew into depression.
Nevertheless, after some rest, he finished his PhD the following year, got an assistantship with his professor, the respected functionalist James Angell, and married a student in his intro psych class, Mary Ickes. They would go on to have two children. (The actress Mariette Hartley is his granddaughter.)
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