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Text 2: Prozac - discovering happiness.
Содержание книги
- Text 1: the Russian Federation
- Table: Modern history of Great Britain
- Text 2: Prozac - discovering happiness.
- Сложное дополнение (complex object. )
- He started reading the book.
- Сослагательное наклонение в условных предложениях
- Using the pseudonym Dr. Mises, he wrote a number of satires about the medicine and philosophy of his day.
- Sir Francis died in 1911, after an incredibly productive life.
- In 1920, he wrote Erlebtes and Erkanntes, his autobiography. A short time later, on August 31, 1920, he died.
- The observer must maintain strained attention.
- History of Psychology: Psychoanalysis
- Charcot died in Morvan, France, on August 16,1893.
- It was Freud who would later add what Breuer did not acknowledge publicly — that secret sexual desires lay at the bottom of all these hysterical neuroses.
- Transference, catharsis, and insight
- Ego, personal unconcious, and collective unconscious
- Other archetypes include father, child, family, hero, maiden, animal, wise old man, the hermaphrodite, God, and the first man.
- Adler added that, at the center of each of our lifestyles, there sits one of these fictions, an important one about who we are and where we are going.
- Hans Eysenck to understand the differences between introverts and extra verts.
- The following year, he was made an instructor. He developed a well-run animal lab where he worked with i ate, monkeys, and terns. Johns Hopkins offered him a
- In 1936, he was hired as vice-president of another agency, William Esty and Company. He devoted himself to business until he retired ten years later. He died in New York City on September 25, 1958.
- Although he appreciated the behaviorist agenda for making psychology into a true objective science, he felt Watson and others had gone too far.
- A behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future.
- Unit 5 History of Psychology Phenomenology and Existentialism
- His last work, The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (1936), introduced the concept of Lebenswelt. The next year, he became ill and, on April 27, 1938, he died.
- We become authentic by thinking about being, by facing anxiety and death head-on. Here, he says, lies joy.
- Kurt Koffka was born March 18, 1886, in Berlin. He received his PhD from the University of Berlin in 1909, and, just like Kohler, became an assistant at Frankfurt.
- This theory inspired any number of psychologists in the U.S., most particularly those in social psychology. Among the people he influenced were Muzafer Sherif, Solomon Asch, and Leon Festinger.
- Other people's homes while his parents continued their life in India.
- Donald Olding Hebb was born in 1904 in Chester, Nova Scotia. He graduated from Dalhousie University in 1925, and tried to begin a career as a novelist. He wound up as a school principle in Quebec.
- Towards the environmental psychology of his friend J. J. Gibson.
- A spirit of caste is also bad, which compels a man of genius to select his wife from a narrow neighborhood or from the members of a few families.
- The grass out of the window now looks to me of the
- But we do far more than emphasize things, and unite some, and keep others apart. We actually ignore most of the things before us. Let me briefly show how this goes on.
- I have represented the structural relations within the mental personality, as I have explained them to you, in a simple diagram, which I here reproduce.
- We said good-bye, and I made an effort to thank Mrs. Nash, but she seemed to be puzzled by that too, and Frazier frowned as if I had committed some breach of good taste.
- Frazier held out his hands in an exaggerated gesture of appeal.
- I haven't been acting like myself; it doesn't seem like me; I'm a different person altogether from what I used to be in the past.
- I will work toward my degree; I'll start looking for a Job this week.
- Chapter X General description of the types
- Suffers, to say nothing of the soul. Although, as a rule, the extravert takes small note of this latter circumstance,
- As a result of the general attitude of extraversion, thinking is orientated by the object and objective data. This orientation of thinking produces a noticeable peculiarity.
- Or less tautological position. The materialistic mentality presents a magnificent example of this.
- We have now outlined two extreme figures, between which terminals the majority of these types may be graduated.
- The ascendancy of the feeling that is chained to the object.
- here — здесь, тут there — там
Since the introduction of Thorazine, various drugs to treat mental illness have been developed. Psychiatrists have prescribed them, and they have been found to work with varying degrees of effectiveness for different people and conditions, while causing a range of side effects. There has been a new antidepressant on the market every two or three years.
In 1987, the antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac) was introduced. It had been tested and found to be an effective antidepressant with fewer than usual side effects. Doctors began to prescribe it to depressed patients. The results were astonishing. Patients reported feeling «bet-ter than well». It not only eased their depression, but seemed to give them a new look at themselves. Prozac users felt they were discovering their own true personalities for the first time, uninhibited by a vague weight that had bogged them down before. It seemed to make cautious people more spontaneous, the introverted more outgoing, the timid more confident. In short, it seemed to improve people's personalities, at least in making them more socially attractive.
Within two years, pharmacies were filling 65,000 Prozac prescriptions per month — in the United States alone. Within five years, 4.5 million Americans had taken it. This was the fastest acceptance ever for a psychiatric drug. And because it seemed to go beyond treating illness and actually improve people it gained the status of a celebrity. As Peter Kramer wrote in Listening to Prozac, «Prozac enjoyed the career of a true celebrity — renown, followed by rumors, then notoriety, scandal, and lawsuits, and finally a quiet rehabilitation*.
Reports emerged that some patients felt more suicidal on Prozac. Lawyers began to defend murder suspects by saying that whatever they did, it was under the influence of a drug — Prozac. There was a backlash to the use of the drug, followed by a smaller backlash to the backlash, until Prozac left the front pages and returned to the pharmacist's formulary.
Still, it had opened a new window on an old question about personality and mental health — how much of it is biological, and how much experiential?
Vocabulary:
mental illness — психическое заболевание
side effect — побочный эффект
astonishing — удивительный
to ease — облегчать
uninhibited — несдерживаемые
vague — неопределенный, расплывчатый
bog [Ьэд] — болото, трясина зд. to get ged down in — вязнуть
cautious — осторожный
spontaneous — спонтанный
introverted — иптровертный, скрытный
timid — ['timid] робкий
pharmacy — ал., аптека
notoriety — знаменитость, известная личность lawsuits — судебные иски to emerge — появляться, происходить backlash ['baaklaef] — обратная реакция.
General understanding:
1. How often according to the text the antidepressant was prescribed?
What is Prozac?
What effect did it have on patients?
4. Why did Peter Kramer refer to Prozac as a «celeb-
rity»?
5. How did lawyers use the influence of Prozac?
§ i. Согласование времен в главном и придаточном предложениях
В английском сложноподчиненном предложении с придаточным дополнительным (вопрос «что?», «кто?», «чего?» и т. д.) соблюдаются правила согласования времен в главном и придаточном предложениях. Эти правила сводятся к следующему:
1. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения
стоит в настоящем пли будущем времени, то глагол-
сказуемое придаточного дополнительного предложе-
ния может стоять в любой временной форме, требуе-
мой смыслом, например:
Не says you are right. — Он говорит, что ты прав. Не will tell why he was not at school yesterday. — Он скажет, почему он не был в школе вчера.
2. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения
стоит в прошедшем времени (обычно — в Past Inde-
finite), то и глагол дополнительного придаточного
предложения должен стоять в одном из прошедших
времен, в том числе — в будущем с точки зрения про-
шедшего (Future in the Past).
He said he would not go to school tomorrow. — Он сказал, что не пойдет в школу завтра.
При этом для обозначения действия, одновременного с действием, выраженным сказуемым главного предложения, употребляется Past Continuous (в русском языке — настоящее время) или Past Indefinite.
Не told те he was preparing for his exam. — Он сказал мне, что готовится к экзамену.
Для обозначения действия, предшествующего действию, выраженному сказуемым главного предложения, обычно употребляется Past Perfect. На русский язык глагол-сказуемое придаточного в данном случае переводится глаголом в прошедшем времени:
j didn't know he had left for Moscow. — Я не знал, что он уехал в Москву.
При указании определенного времени (in 1980, yesterday) предшествующее время выражается при помощи Past Indefinite. Например: I thought you were born in 1980.
Для выражения будущего времени с точки зрения прошедшего време! и употребляется форма Future in the Past где вспомогательный глагол will меняется на would, которая на русский язык переводится будущим временем:
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