Креслярські прилади та інструменти.

ЗЕМЛЕВПОРЯДНІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ

1.Записати слова та словосполучення у словник:

Surveying зйомка

gain одержувати

publish друкувати

to be in existence існувати

a good deal of багато

to give an insight висвітлювати

describe описати

circumferentor геод. курвиметр

theodolite теодоліт

plane table мензула, планшет

water level рівень води

sextant секстант (прибор)

chain мірний ланцюг

perambulator крокомір

bring forth викликати

precise точний

dividing engine розподільний механізм

forerunner попередник

transit універсальний теодоліт, тахеометр

projecting проектування

plotting нанесення на карту

boundary line прикордонна лінія

differ відрізняється

altitude висота

transfer переносити

datum plane вихідна площина

reduced image зменшення зображення

2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст, складіть план для переказу тексту:

Surveying instruments

Previous to the sixteenth century surveying has been treated as practical geometry, but with its rise as a profession, the books gained the title of surveying, although they included much elementary geometry.

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries a few books were published, some of which are in existence today. They included a good deal of geometry and elementary mathematics and gave an insight into the field methods of surveying were used in those early days.

They also described surveying instrument, including the Circumferenter, Theodolite, Plane Table, Water Level, Sextant, Chain and Perambulator.

In the seventeenth century surveys to determine length of earth's surface brought forth the use of accurate instruments to measure angles. This led to the first theodolite using a full horizontal circle of 360 made by Diggs in 1571. The first really precise instrument was made by Romaden in 1783. The divisions on this instrument were made by an accurant dividing engine, and it was the forerunner of the transit in use today

 

ОСНОВНІ ПОНЯТТЯ УПРАВЛІННЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИМИ РЕСУРСАМИ ТА РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИХ ВІДНОСИН.

РОЛЬ, МЕТА І ЗАВДАННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИМИ РЕСУРСАМИ.

1. Прочитатйте та дайте відповіді на питання

1. What can you say about the geographical position of Ukraine?

2. What percentage of the territory of Ukraine do agricultural lands comprise?

3. Is it true that climate conditions and soils are very favorable for agriculture production in Ukraine?

4. How many main natural and climate zones is the territory of Ukraine divided into?

5. Can you prove that the Marshy woodlands is the main zone for grain production?

6. What useful information have you learnt about the steppe zone in the text?

7. What are the main points which the author stresses as regards the forest steppe zone?

8. Can you describe the climatic conditions of the region you live in?

9. What do the basic statistics point up as regards the land resources of Ukraine?

10. Does the author make any conclusions at the end of the text?

 

LAND RESOURCES

Ukraine is one of the largest Europe countries, the area is 60,37 million ha and it's 5.7 % of Europe territory or about 0.5% of the globe. Most territory of Ukraine is situated in the western part of East European plain, in the South it is washed by the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. Freshwater resources are concentrated in 73 thousand of big and small rivers which flow through its territory and about 20 thousand of lakes. Dnipro is the third longest river in Europe. The Carpathian Mountains are on the West of Ukraine and the Crimea is in the South. The relief of 60% of the agricultural land is flat and 35 % has slopes ranging between 1 and 3 degrees.

Agricultural lands of Ukraine comprise 41.76 million ha or 70 % of the territory of Ukraine, including ploughed lands 32.4 million ha or 54 %, pastures - 9 %, hay - 4 % and long term planting - 2 %. Climate conditions and good soils (third part of World reserve of black earth or 54 % of own lands) are very favorable for agriculture production. That is why there is the highest level of ploughed soils in Europe - near 78%. The territory of Ukraine is divided into three main natural and climate zones - Marshywoodlands (Polissia), Forest-steppe (Lisostep) and Steppe (Step).

The Marshy woodlands zone occupies the northern part of Ukraine, the total is 11.35 million ha (19 % of the entire territory of Ukraine) and is characterized by lowlands relief, continental climate with warm and humid summers and mild winters, turfy-podzolic soils (75 %), woodiness (30 %), haymaking - 1.2 million ha and the pasture

(0.7 million ha). Ploughed lands occupy 33 % of the entire zone territory (4million ha). This is the main zone for grain production (rye, oats, and buckwheat), technical crops, flax, hop, sugar beet and potato as well as the processing of flax, meat and dairy produce.

The Forest-steppe zone is located in central part of Ukraine and its area is 20.2 million ha. It is mainly flat with temperate continental climate, woodiness is insignificant (about 12 %), topsoil is quite diverse with an intermittence of podzolic soils and typical black soils.

Agricultural lands occupy 70 % of the territory including 66 % of ploughed lands. The structure of sown areas: winter wheat - more than 30 %, corn - 10 %, about 8 % - barley and pulse crops, more than 10 % is devoted to sugar beet and sunflower. There is also popular meat dairy and pig production here.

The Steppe zone includes is the entire southern and eastern parts of Ukraine with mainly flat relief (24 million ha) and is characterized by temperate and continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. 90 % of Forest-steppe occupies black earth. This is the zone of maximum plough for Ukraine and about 48 % of Ukraine's ploughed land rest on this steppe.