Сільське господарство. Галузі сільського господарства

Study the following words:

1. key branch

2. sphere

3. manifacture

4. to provide

5. food-stufflb

6. row materials

7. to be composed of

8. to be made of

9. crop-growing

10. to grow

11. cattle-breeding

12. fertilizer

13. to breed, to keep, to farm

14. bee

15. fur

16. vocation

17. to graduate from

18. due to

19. soil

20. to plow

21. seed

22. to sow

23. a skilled farmer

24. achievement

1. провідна галузь

2. сфера

3. виробництво

4. забезпечувати

5. продукти харчування

6. сировина

7. складатись

8. складатись

9. рослинництво

10. вирощувати (рослини)

11. тваринництво

12. добриво

13. вирощувати (тварини)

14. бджола

15. звір

16. призначення

17. закінчувати, випускатись

18. завдяки

19. грунт

20. орати

21. насіння

22. висівати

23. досвідчений фермер

24. дослідження

2. Read and translate the text:

TWO BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE

There are two main branches of agricultural production - crop production and animal husbandry.

Crop production is the practice of growing and harvesting crops. The most important crops grown by man are grain crops, vegetables and grasses. In order to obtain high yields crops are grown under favourable soil and climatic conditions?

Animal husbandry is a branch of agriculture including tfee breeding of farm. animals and their use. Dairy and beef cattle, hogs, sheep, and poultry are widely bred throughout the world. Farm animals are highly important sources of food for man. They are kept for the production of such nutritious products as meat, milk and eggs.

Many crops grown by man are used in feeding livestock. At the same time manure produced by farm animals is an important source for the maintenance of soil fertility. Most of the nutrients taken by plants from the soil are thus returned. Applying manure, farmers improve the physical condition of the soil.

Thus, crop production and animal husbandry are closely connected with each other.

3. Answer the questions:

1. Why is agriculture very important?

2. What are the two branches of agriculture?

3. What does the Latin word agre mean?

4. Is life possible without plants?

5. Where are farm crops used?

6. How do people increase crop yields?

4. Випишіть речения, в якому вжите дієслово "to be " в модальному значенні і перекладіть його на українську мову:

а) I were to go to a lawyer.

b) I was going to say I could not come on board.

c) As soon as we were aboard I turned back.

d) I felt I was lost.

5. Випишіть із тексту 4 речения з прийменниками: of, in, to, on.

6. Підкресліть в словах префікс, суфікс, перекладіть слова:

failure, differens, interatomic, semifinal, neighbourhood, careful, talkative, lengthen, submarine, pre-war, illogical, usually, disappear, misunderstand.

7. Складіть речення застосовуючи слова та словосполучення з дієсловами в Present Continuous Tense:

to cook in the kitchen, to help, to wash dishes, to sit, to have supper.

8. Утворіть множину слідуюсих іменників: a piano, a set. a price, a knife, a lorry.

9. Напишіть числівники словами: 1,9,37, 53,103,66,15.

10. Утворіть ступені порівняння прикметників: small, nice, early, hot, interesting, many.

 

11. Read the text and answer the questions.

The Pig

The pig is a very useful animal. People like its flesh which is called pork. When people salt it, it is called bacon and ham.

Besides pork people get from the pig leather and stiff hairs of which they make brushes.

12. Questions:

1.Is the pig a useful animal?

2.How is the pig's flesh called?

3.How is the salt pork called?

4.What else do people get from the pig?

Сільське господарство України

1. Запишіть наступні слова та словосполучення у словник та вивчіть:

Word List

1. fertile soil родючий грунт

2. grain crops зернові культури

3. industrial crops технічні культури

4. fruit raising плодівництво

5. vegetable raising овочівництво

6. cereals хлібні злаки

7. wheat пшениця

8. rye жито

9. oats овес

10. barley ячмінь

11. maize кукурудза

12. legumes зернобобові

13. buckwheat гречка

14. millet просо

_15. rice р_ИС

16. sugar beet цукровий буряк

17. sunflower соняшник

18. flex льон

19. cabbage капуста

20. tomato помідор

21. cucumber огірок

22. onion цибуля

23. carrot морква

24. garlic часник

25. potato картопля

26. cattle breeding розведення великої рогатої худоби, скотарство

27. pig raising свинарство

28. sheep farming вівчарство

29. poultry свійська птиця

30. chicken курка, курча

31. duck качка

32. goose гусак, гуска

33. turkey індик

34. melon диня

35. livestock худоба

36. fishfarming рибництво

37. beekeeping бджільництво

38. fur animals хутрові звірі

39. hectare гектар

40. arable lands орні землі, рілля

41. agricultural lands сільгоспугіддя

42. watered lands зрошувані землі

43. dried lands осушені землі

1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable: fertile, soil, temperately, climate, farming, breadbasket, animal, practice, crop, growing, harvesting, grain, meadow, fruit, vegetable, raising, cereal, flax, rye, oat. barley, sugar beet, sunflower, cabbage, cucumber, carrot, onion, garlic, melon, wheat, maize, legume, husbandry, widespread, dairy, province, chicken, duck, goose, turkey, cattle, poultry, mechanize, wages, profit, agriculture;

b) stress the second syllable: productive, collective, intensive, potato, tomato, control, increase, apply, include, industrial, technology.

2. Read and translate the text::

Agriculture of Ukraine

Ukraine has very favourable conditions for the development of agricultural production: fertile soils, temperately warm climate, a well-developed industry processing agricultural raw materials. Ukraine is one of the world's most productive farming regions and is known as the breadbasket of Europe.

There are two main branches of agricultural production in Ukraine: crop production and animal husbandry. Crop production is the practice of growing and harvesting crops. It includes: grain and industrial crops, meadow culture, fruit and vegetable raising.

Almost half of the cropping area is occupied by cereals such as winter wheat, maize and legumes, rye, oats and barley.

Among the industrial crops such as sugar beet, sunflower, flax the leading position is occupied by sugar beet. Close to 40 types of vegetable crops are grown in Ukraine: potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, red beets, carrots, onions, garlic, etc. Melon-growing is practised mainly in the south.

Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding of farm animals and their use. The most widespread branches of animal husbandry are: dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig raising, sheep farming and bee-keeping. The poultry industry is spread through all the provinces. Birds farmed include chicken, duck, goose, turkey. There are large mechanized poultry farms to produce eggs and meat.

Most farms in Ukraine are owned and controlled by the government. They include state farms and collective farms. State farms are managed entirely by the government, which pays wages to farmworkers. Collective farms are owned and managed in part by the workers, who receive wages as well as a share in the farm's profits. State farms are larger and have more mechanical farm equipment than collective farms. In order to increase crop yields and animal products collective and slate farms apply widely intensive technologies.

1. Запишіть наступні слова та словосполучення у словник та вивчіть:

3. Topical vocabulary:

1. crop production — рослинництво

2. animal husbandry — тваринництво

3. grain and industrial crops — зернові та технічні культури

4. cereals — xni6ni злаки

5. dairy and beef cattle breeding — розведення молочної та м’ясної худоби

6. pig raising — свинарство

7. sheep farming — вівчарство

8. bee-keeping — бджільництво

9. poultry industry — птахівництво

10. state farms — державні підприємства

11. collective farms — колективні підприємства

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

I. Define the parts of speech of the following words:

favourable, production, agricultural, temperately, productive, vegetable, warm, mainly, cultivate, equipment, widely, collective, entirely, receive, almost.

II. Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following words and word-combinations. Use them in the sentences of your own:

favourable conditions; agricultural production; fertile soils; agricultural raw material; crop production; animal husbandry; grain crops; industrial crops; temperately warm climate; dairy and beef cattle breeding; poultry industry; state and collective farms.

III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:

1. Ukraine has very favourable conditions... the development... agricultural production. 2. Almost half... the cropping area is occupied... cereals. 3. Among the industrial crops the leading position is occupied... sugar beet. 4. Melon-growing is practised mainly... the south. 5. The poultry industry is spread... all the provinces. 6. Most... farms...Ukraine are owned and controlled... the government.

IV. Translate the sentences paying attention to the italicized words:

1. Most of the farms in our region are animal breeding farms. 2. There are some plants that are used only in medicine. 3. Intensification of agricultural production is the most important problem now. 4. In our country there are some plants producing chemical fertilizers. 5. Our farm plants some of the crops in autumn. 6. Many people go to the country in summer. 7. That bird has a large crop. 8. Grain crops are widely grown by farmers. 9. Animal husbandry is more important on this farm than crop production.

V. Memorize the meanings of the word «agriculture» and its derivatives. Translate the sentences paying attention to the italicized words:

agriculture —сільське господарство; землеробство; агрономія;

agricultural —сільськогосподарський; землеробський;

agriculturist — агроном; сільський трудівник; землевласник.

1. This farm has different agricultural machines. 2. Cooperation with other countries is favourable to agriculture of Ukraine. 3. The agriculturist of today wants to have better and higher-yielding crops which can produce more food of good quality.

VI. Complete the following sentences:

1. Ukraine has very favourable conditions...

2. There are two main branches of agricultural production in Ukraine...

3. Crop production is..

4. It includes...

5. Almost half of the cropping area is occupied by cereals such as...

6. Close to 40 types of vegetable crops are grown in Ukraine:...

7. Animal husbandry is....

8. Birds farmed include....

9. In order to increase crop yields and animal products collective and state farms apply....

VII. Answer the following questions:

1. Does Ukraine have favourable conditions for the development of agri-cultural production?

2. What are the main branches of agricultural production in Ukraine?

3. What is crop production?

4. What does crop production include?

5. What cereals occupy half of the cropping area?

6. What vegetable crops are grown in Ukraine?

7. What is animal husbandry?

8. What are the most wide-spread branches of animal husbandry?

9. Where is the poultry industry spread?

10. What birds are farmed in Ukraine?

11. What forms of farm enterprises do you know?

12. What is the difference between state and collective farms?

VIII. Translate into English:

1. Україна має дуже сприятливі умови для розвитку сільськогосподарського виробництва.

2. Є дві головні галузі сільськогосподарського виробництва вУкраїні: рослинництво та тваринництво.

3. Рослинництво —це вирощування та збирання сільськогосподарських культур.

4. Рослинництво включає вирощування зернових та технічних культур, луківництво плодівництво та овочівство.

5. Майже половину посівної площі країни займають хлібні злаки.

6. Найважливішою технічною культурою в Україні є цукровий буряк.

7. Тваринництво — це розведення сільськогосподарських тварин та їх використання.

8. Розведення молочної та м’ясної худоби, свинарство, вівчарство, бджільництво та птахівництво — найпоширеніші галузі тваринництва в Україні.

9. Більшість сільськогосподарських підприємств в Україні контролюється урядом.

 

Agrarian Sector of Ukraine

Ukraine has very favourable conditions for the development of agricultural production: fertile soils, temperately warm climate, a well-developed industry processing agricultural raw materials.

All the principal areas of plant cultivation arc: grain and industrial crops, meadow crops, fruit and vegetable raising. Almost half of the cropping area is occupied by cereals such as: winter wheat, maize and legumes, rye, oats, barley. The principal grain crop, winter wheat, is sown mainly in the Steppe and Forest-Steppe zones. Maize is grown mostly in Transcarpathia and Steppe zones. Buck­wheat, millet, rice play an important role.

Among the industrial crops such as sugar beet, sunflower, flax, the leading position is occupied by sugar beet.

Close to 40 types of vegetable crops are grown in Ukraine: cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, red beet, carrot, onion, garlic, etc. Melon growing is practised mainly in the south. Potatoes occupy 6% of total area under cultivation.

Animal husbandry is the second largest component of agriculture. Like plant cultivation, livestock production is divided into branches. The most widespread branch is cattle breeding, pig raising is another important area. Sheep farming is also practised.

The poultry industry is spread in all the provinces. Birds fanned include chick­ens, ducks, geese, turkeys. There are large mechanized poultry factories to pro­duce eggs and meat.

Fish farming is growing in importance, with carp being the most common fish. Trout, which is to be found in the mountain rivers, is of commercial interest.

Bee keeping is spread through all zones. It is exte.. jvcly practised on private plots. Fur animals being farmed include the silver and blue fox, mink and nutria.

Agricultural production in Ukraine is organized around the state and collec­
tive farm system. Per capita land supply in Ukraine is 0.8 hectares of agricultural
lands and 0.64 hectares of arable lands. The total area of watered lands in Ukraine
is equal to 2 596 thousand hectares and that of the dried lands is 2 837

thousand hectares.

Вправа 1 Дайте всі значення слів та словосполучень:

a) to farm - farm - farmer - farming;

b) to grow - growing — grown;

c) to milk - milk - milking - milker - milky;

d) dairy - dairying.

Вправа 2 Згрупуйте дані слова н синоніми:

a) agriculture, grassland, husbandry, soil, dairy, grazing, milky, growing,
farming, rearing, land, pasture, livestock production;

b) to breed, to give, to harvest, to produce, to cut, to grow well, to rear, to'

yield, to do well;

c) grain, feed, cereal, seed, farm, fodder, holding.

Вправа З Виберіть узагальнюючі слова:

a) corn, cereals, barley, oats, rye;

b) root crops, sugar beet, carrot, turnip;

c) cucumbers, tomatoes, vegetables, red beet, cabbage;

d) sheep, pigs, livestock, cows;

e) wheat, barley, crops, potato.

Вправа 4 Підберіть терміни, подані ліворуч, до їх визначень праворуч:

А:

1. poultry a) a farm animal reared for wool and meat;

2. breed b) the meat of an animal of the cow family;

3.calf c) domesticated birds used for food or egg production;

4. feed d) animals raised on a farm;

5. sheep e) the young of cattle;

6. livestock f) the classification of a type of animal.

B:

1. hybrid a) a type of crop which is planted in the fall (autumn);

2. crop rotation b) temporary grassland;

3. strain c) organic material used as fertilizer;

4. lea d) growing various crops at different times on the same land in a planned series;

5. winter crop e) a plant that results from the crossing of different varieties:

6. dung f) a variety, especially obtained by cross fertilizing (перехресне запліднення)

Вправа 5 Дайте відповіді на запитання

1. What are the conditions for the development of Ukrainian agriculture?

2. What are its principal areas of plant cultivation?

3. Where is winter wheat sown?

4. Which crop occupies the leading position among the industrial crops?

5. What vegetables do they grow in Ukraine?

6. What area under cultivation is occupied by potatoes?

7. How is livestock production divided? '

8. What is the most widespread branch of animal breeding?

9. What birds are farmed in Ukraine?

10. How is agricultural production organized in Ukraine?

11. What is per capita land supply in our country?

12. How many hectares of lands are watered and dried in Ukraine?