Землевпорядне та топографічне креслення

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TACHYMETRIC SURVEY OFFICE WORK.

Character and maintenance of tachemetric survey office work are subdivided from two stages:

1 Calculate analyse of surveys.

2 Making up plan in drawing ink with the conventional sing and the given scale.

An important part of the calculation consists of the determination of horizontal distances, differences in elevation and signs, differences in elevation between points of the transit-stadia traverse are balanced in proportions to the lengths of the sides similar to the balancing of increases of coordinates.

The transit-stadia traverse is plotted on the plan by the horizontal distances and grid bearings or their corresponding reduced grid bearings; the coordinates of the traverse points are calculated, if necessary. The rod points are applied by means of a protractor, dividers and a comparing rule.

The most convenient is a circular tachymetric protractor. The protractor is aligned by the zero diameter with the line according to which the horizontal circle was oriented, and the directions to the rod points are marked along its circumference. Written in pencil near each rod point is its number and elevation.

After plotting the traverse, the rod points and the detail it is necessary to draw the contour lines, signs. When possible the ready plan should be compared with the country represented.

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PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

The principles of plane table surveying.

Plane tabling is a survey that is performed by means of a plane table and a telescopic alidade, i. e., an instrument provided with a telescope, vertical circle and a straightedge with a level tube on it.

The plane table together with the telescope alidade comprise an original transit which enables not only to survey, but also to a plan in pencil directly in the field. This is a major advantage of plane table surveying. The area being surveyed is under constant observation of the person who is drawing the plan; this permits to compare the image plotted on the plan with the actual one. During such surveys the horizontal angles are not measured, they are obtained by graphical plotting which is the reason for the name of angle-tracing survey.

An integral part of the plane table is a square board of 60x60x3 cm which is called a drawing board. A sheet of quality heavy drawing paper is glued onto this board and the plan is drawn on this sheet.

 

Знайти еквіваленти наступних слів у тексті.

Телескопічний алідад, інструмент, лінійка, перевага, площа, кути, невід’ємна частина, спостереження, креслярська дошка.

 

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. Поставити питання до виділених слів.

1. Our teacher always speaks English in class. 2. They worked at a large factory then. 3. He was in Kiev last week. 4. We sometimes have English inthe evening. 5. My sister will stay at her friend's over the week end. 6. Myfriend wrote to me very often last year. 7. My friends work at the Ministry ofForeign Trade. 8. You lived in the house ten years ago. 9. They were at their office yesterday morning. 10. We often have dictations in class. 11. Ann plays volley -ball well. 12. Our students will read a lot of English books next year. 13. They do a lot of exercises at home. 14. Peter decided to go to a medical school last year. 15. We will have our English tomorrow.

Поставити слова з дужок у вищій чи найвищій формі.

1. Two heads are... than one. (good)

2. This is... book I have ever read, (interesting)

3. Concorde is... plane in the world, (fast)

4. Mike is... than Nick, (tall)

5. Harrods is... shop in London, (expensive)

6. This is... hotel in our city, (cheap)

7) We discuss... news, (late)

8. My... brother is five years my senior, (old)

9. The first exercise is... than the second, (difficult)

10. The weather has become... •. It looks like raining. (bad)