Find English equivalents in the text

 

заполняющие материалы, связанные вместе, относительно дешевый наполнитель, уменьшить масштаб изменений, вредные примеси, битый камень, сталь более подходящего качества, напряжение растяжения, собственный вес балки, площадь поперечного сечения, помогает предохранять от разламывания, постоянно находится под напряжением, предел упругости, водонапорная башня, удачное использование, цементируемый материал, искусственный камень, быть постоянно под напряжением

 

13. Choose the antonym:

 

1) inert	a) active	b) rapid	c) slow
2) bond	a) surround	b)separate	c) break
3) cheap	a) high	b) strong	c) expensive
4) suitable	a) tensile	b)unfit	c) broken
5) resist	a) persist	b) assist	c) divide
6) harden	a) soften	b) indurate	c) band
7) natural	a) normal	b) bright	c) artificial
8) harmful	a) diseased	b) spoilt	c) useful
9) rapidly	a) slowly	b) fast	c) proper
10) strong	a) hard	b) weak	c) heavy
11) break	a) crack	b) repair	c) change
12) reduce	a) apply	b) enlarge	c) produce
13) strength	a)weakness	b) length	c) durability

 

Add the missing parts of the sentences from the text

 

1. ___ to produce a mixture of the proper consistency.

2. Concrete is an artificial stone, made by thoroughly ___.

3. ___ they provide a relatively cheap filler for the concreting material, or binder; ___.

4. This sagging at once puts the lower edge ___.

5. ___ as a means of producing a suitable compressive stress in the concrete.

6. ___ any beam made of prestressed concrete is permanently under compression ___.

 

15. Match English and Russian equivalents:

 

1. solid substances	a. извлеченные материалы
2. natural materials	b. колебаться в пределах
3. to return to the original shape	c. твердые вещества
4. dimension stone	d. минеральные соединения
5. extracted materials	e. содержать большое количество
6. to range from	f. вернуться в исходную форму
7. mineral compounds	g. природные материалы
8. to contain a large amount	h. штучный камень

 

 

16. Read the information below to find answers to the questions:

 

1. What quality is considered to be the main disadvantage of concrete?

2. What metals is concrete frequently combined with?

 

There exist different ways of producing concrete. It can be produced by mixing the ingredients and pouring the mixture into position on the very site of building. Concrete can also be produced in a factory, and used as a material for manufacturing prefabricated blocks. Accordingly, there exist the so-called in-situ (cast-in-place) concrete and precast concrete.

Concrete, as any other building material, has not only advantages but also disadvantages. Its main disadvantage is that it has no form of its own. Also, it does not possess useful tensile strength. Because of these qualities, in modern times construction concrete is very frequently combined with different metals. Most common of them are iron and steel.

The introduction of metal into the structure of concrete is highly advantageous. It strengthens the material and helps to realize its limitless construction and architectural potential. It should be noted that the use of ferroconcrete started only in the nineteenth century and is still gaining popularity.

 

17. Read and translate the text below:

 

Text 3 C

Turnkey Construction

 

Turnkey construction is the type of assistance in building different facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission a certain project and the contractor undertakes full responsibility for the project construction and commissioning.

The contractor then undertakes endeavors to conduct a survey and design work, as well as to work out basic and detailed engineering and supply equipment. As a rule, the contractor’s highly qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction works, carrying out installation, start up and adjustment operations.

After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts, that is testing, checking and meeting other requirements, which are specified in the technical handbooks.

As soon as all works is respect of the precommissioning are completed and the projects is ready for the precommissioning, the contractor notifies the engineer (Project manager) with the message. The contractor begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does the issue of the Completion Certificate.

The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning to make sure that the project will rich the designed performance.

Operational acceptance of the project takes place when the guarantee test has been successfully completed and the guarantees met. As a rule the contractor supplies spare parts so that the project could normally operate during the maintenance guarantee period.

Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. They are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer.

 

Notes on the text:

 

basic and detailed engineering – выполнение проектной документации

start up and adjustment operations – пуско-наладочные работы

 

 

TEXT EXERSICES

 

18. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words and word-groups. Memorize these word-groups:

 

type of assistance, different facilities, employer, full responsibility, to conduct a survey, adjustment, technical handbooks, to carry out the guarantee test, operational acceptance, guarantee period, long-term, foreign and local subcontractors, to win as a result of tenders

 

19. Match the beginnings from part A with the endings from part B:

A)

1. Turnkey construction...

2. In this case the employer engages the contractor to design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission...

3. As a rule, the contractor’s highly qualified specialists are made responsible for...

4. After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts, that is...

5. The contractor begins the commissioning immediately after...

6. The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the...

7. As a rule the contractor supplies spare parts so that...

8. Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving...

9. They are usually won as a result of...

 

B)

A)... tenders where the bidders compete for the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer.

B)... the project could normally operate during the maintenance guarantee period.

C)... the engineer does the issue of the Completion Certificate.

D)... a certain project and the contractor undertakes full responsibility for the project construction and commissioning.

E)... commissioning to make sure that the project will rich the designed performance.

F)... doing part or full construction works, carrying out installation, start up and adjustment operations.

G)... is the type of assistance in building different facilities.

H)... several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors.

I)... testing, checking and meeting other requirements, which are specified in the technical handbooks.