Civil engineering is the newest and one of the most highly respected of all the engineering disciplines.

From the very beginning man has been a builder and his creative ability and skilful craftsmanship are what the modern civil engineering industry is founded on.

Today these traditional skills are not coupled with the entire modern technology and thinking available to enable civil engineers to carry out their work to the highest of standards.

But it is obvious that new ideas can be implemented until they have been tried, proved and tested.

People have been managing companies ever since companies came into existence.

It is not necessary to manage a company effectively and efficiently as well as to produce high quality goods.

The team could be made up of engineers, quantity surveyors, estimators, planners, QA managers; personnel and computer specialists; all form an integral and equally important part of the business.

Management and management training within the construction industry is varied and is dependent on the sector, consulting or contracting, within which an engineer operates.

6. Read and translate the information below. Try to remember it:

What does a civil engineer do?

Civil engineers work at the highest level of design and plan large infrastructure projects, such as airports and roadways, which requires solving complex problems. Civil engineers must determine the feasibility of plans, especially regarding financial costs and safety concerns. Urban and regional planners often look to civil engineers for advice on these issues. Civil engineers are ultimately responsible for the infrastructure project’s design and implementation. Therefore, they must be able to lead surveyors, construction managers, civil engineering technicians, and others to implement the plan.

Civil engineers use the principles of calculus, trigonometry, and other advanced topics in mathematics for analysis, design, and troubleshooting in their work. Only licensed civil engineers can sign the plans for infrastructure projects. This makes it imperative that civil engineers be able to monitor and evaluate the work at the job site as a project progresses.

Civil engineers must be able to communicate with other professionals, such as architects, landscape architects, and urban and regional planners. This means that civil engineers must be able to write clear reports that people without an engineering background can follow.

Many civil engineers hold supervisory or administrative positions ranging from supervisor of a construction site to city engineer. Others work in design, construction, research, and teaching. They work with others on projects and may be assisted by civil engineering technicians and technologists.

Various levels of government employ civil engineers to do many of the same things done in private industry, except that the government-employed civil engineers may also inspect projects to be sure that they comply with regulations.

A civil engineer's tasks typically involve the following:

· Analyze survey reports, maps, and other data to plan projects

· Consider construction costs, government regulations, potential environmental hazards, and other factors in planning stages

· Test soils to determine the adequacy and strength of foundations

· Test building materials, such as concrete, asphalt, or steel, for use in particular projects

· Provide cost estimates for materials, equipment, or labour to determine a project’s economic feasibility

· Use design software to plan and design transportation systems, hydraulic systems, and structures in line with industry and government standards

· Oversee, or participate in, surveying to establish reference points, grades, and elevations to guide construction

· Present their findings to the public on topics such as bid proposals, environmental impact statements, or property descriptions

Civil engineers work on complex projects, and they sometimes specialize in one of several areas:

7. Scan through the text and be ready to summarize it: