Add the missing information from the text

 

1. … is called tradesman or craftsman.

2. A fixer or a fixer mason or a builder mason is a mason who ….

3. In the USA the term ….

4. In some districts …,and slating and lay plaster and granolithic floors.

5. …, including the insides of manholes.

 

10. Match the words with their definitions:

 

1) craftsman	a) someone whose job is to repair water pipes, baths, toilets etc
2) joiner	b) someone who covers roofs, floor etc. with tiles
3) plumber	c) someone whose job is making and repairing wooden objects
4) glazier	d) someone whose job is to cover walls and ceilings with plaster
5) slater	e) someone whose job is cutting stone into pieces to be used in buildings
6) tiler	f) someone whose job is to build walls, buildings etc with bricks
7) bricklayer	g) someone who is very skilled at a particular craft
8) plasterer	h) someone who puts together or repairs water pipes
9) carpenter	i) someone who represents client’s interest during all phases of the building process
10) hot water fitter	j) someone whose job is to fit glass into window frames
11) mason	k) someone who makes wooden doors, window frames etc
12) construction manager	l) someone who covers and repairs roofs

 

11. Arrange the given words in pairs of:

 

a) synonyms

build, wood, job, assistance, requirement, manufacture, apartment, usual, supply, different, timber, construct, entirely, produce, work, factory, various, up-to-date, provide, ordinary, help, flat, plant, modern, demand, completely

b) antonyms

dismantle, useless, bottom, unusual, increase, speed up, adverse, heavy, useful, slow down, usual, light, assemble, reduce, upper floor, favourable.

 

12. Fill in the necessary word:

 

1. ___ who has been an apprentice for some years in a building trade and has therefore enough skill to be considered a skilled worker at his trade, is called tradesman or craftsman.

2. ___ is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed stoneware drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces.

3. ___ is stone worker or stone setter.

4. ___ is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wallboard.

5. ___ is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench on wood, which has been cut and shaped by the machinists.

6. ___ or a ___ or a ___ is a mason who sets prepared stones in walls, whether the stone be only facing or to the full wall thickness.

7. The two trades of ___ and ___ were originally the same, and most men can do both, but specialize in one or the other.

8. ___ the term “carpenter” includes a joiner.

 

13. Translate into English:

 

Строитель – это специалист, занимающийся возведением зданий и сооружений. Это одна из древнейших профессий. Многие археологические памятники, благодаря которым мы знаем о прошлом человечества, – это древние строения, которые стоят тысячи лет.

Секреты строительного ремесла накапливались веками, бережно хранились и передавались из поколения в поколение, от мастеров к ученикам. Квалифицированные строители и плотники ценились очень высоко. Когда начинал строиться Санкт-Петербург, опытные каменщики съехались со всей Руси, а возведение каменных зданий во всех других местах страны на несколько лет было запрещено.

Труд строителя существенно различается в зависимости от того, работает ли он на крупных производствах, где четко разделены функции различных работников, или в небольшой многопрофильной бригаде, выполняющей различные виды строительных работ.

В первом случае, большую часть рабочего времени строитель занят выполнением небольшого числа довольно однообразных действий (нанесение раствора, укладка кирпичей и т.д.), в соответствии с его строительной специальностью.

Внутри профессии «строитель» множество различных специальностей – каменщики, монтажники, штукатуры, бетонщики, плотники, плиточники, крановщики и др. Но при работе в составе небольшой многопрофильной бригады строители, как правило, не специализируются на узком направлении, а совмещают несколько специальностей.

Специалисту строительной отрасли нужно знать используемые при возведении зданий и сооружений материалы и технологии, уметь применять их на практике. Следует знать правила строительных работ, специфику применения инструментов и оборудования, технику безопасности.

 

14. Read the text and answer the questions given to each part:

 

From the History of Human Dwelling

 

1. Most of the time of a modern man is spent within the walls of some building. Houses are built for dwelling; large buildings are constructed for industrial purposes; theatres, museums, public and scientific institutions are built for cultural activities of the people. The purposes of modern buildings differ widely, but all of them originate from the efforts of primitive men to protect themselves from stormy weather, wild animals and human enemies. Protection was looked for everywhere. In prehistoric times men looked for protection under the branches of trees; some covered themselves with skins of animals to protect themselves from cold and rain; others settled in caves.

- What are the modern buildings built for?

- Why did primitive people begin to build their huts?

- Where did primitive people look for protection?

2. When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold, at least in winter, and so the people of the Old Stone Age had to find some warm and dry places to shelter from bad weather. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold couldn’t destroy. On the walls of their caves ancient people painted pictures. Such decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.

When man began to build a home for himself, caves were imitated in stone structures, trees were taken as a model for huts built of branches, skins were raised on poles and formed tents.

Primitive stone structures, huts and tents are the earliest types of human dwellings, they are lost in the prehistoric past but serve as prototypes for structures of later historic times.

- Why did ancient people choose caves as a home?

- What did man take as a model for his home?

- What are the earliest types of human dwelling?

3. In the days of early civilization, once men had learnt how to build simple houses for their families, they began to feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. At first the difference was mainly in size – the chief or leader had a larger hut or tent than the rest of the people. Much later, when men began to build towns, there grew up a difference between town houses and country houses. The streets in towns were very narrow and there was not much place for building within the town walls, and therefore houses had to be built higher than they were in the country. A typical town house consisted of a shop opening on the street where the man did his work or sold his goods, with a kitchen behind and a bedroom above.

-Who usually had a larger hut?

-Why were the houses in town higher than in the country?

-What parts did a typical town house consist of?

4. In the country ordinary people lived in simple one-storey cottages which didn’t differ much from the mud and stone huts of an earlier age.

The rich people in the country, on the other hand, built huge castles with thick walls and narrow windows. These castles were built not only as dwellings, but also to stand up to enemy attack and to be strong bases in time of war. The earliest houses of which anything is known are those of ancient Egypt. They were built of bricks dried in the sun. Some of them were built around a courtyard or garden with rooms opening into it.

- How did the houses of ordinary people in the country look like?

- Why did the rich people build their huge castles?

- How were the houses in ancient Egypt built?

5. Greek houses, too, had a courtyard in the middle and round their courtyard ran a covered walk, its ceiling supported by pillars. There were special women’s quarters, usually upstairs on the second storey.

In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often finished with plaster over bricks on both inside and outside walls. The centre of family life was a garden- courtyard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out into it.

The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket work plastered over with clay. In the centre of the house was the hearth and light came through the hole in the roof above it and through the door because there were no windows.

- What do you know about ancient Greek and Roman houses?

- How did the light come into early English houses?

 

15. Read the text to learn about the working conditions in construction:

 

Text 2 C