Ways of expressing the attribute.

It can be expressed by:

1. An adjective (the most common way of expressing an attri­bute).

This big girl is very lazy.

I am speaking about the big girl, not the little one.

He seems a very silent, awkward, bashful lad. (Thackeray)

Meanwhile she was the gayest and most admired woman. (Thackeray)

2. A pronoun (possessive, defining, demonstrative, interrogative, relative).

His shrewd, steady eyes had lost none of their clear shining. (Buck)

Each of these ladies held fans in their hands, and each, with some touch of colour, some emphatic feather or brooch, testified to the solemnity of the opportunity. (Galsworthy)

I looked at her — at her, and at none other, from that moment. (Collins)

James once went down to see for himself what sort of place this was that they had come from. (Galsworthy)

In that great London, what time had they to be sentimental? (Galsworthy)

It should be kept in mind that possessive pronouns are often not translated into Russian. On the other hand when translating from Rus­sian into English one should often insert possessive pronouns.

He extended his hand to me. — Он протянул мне руку. «Пойди вымой руки», — сказала мать. — "Go and wash your hands," said mother.

3. A numeral (cardinal or ordinal).

In his final examinations he won six distinctions... (Aldington)

The second generation of Forsytes felt that he (Bosinney) was not greatly to their credit. (Galsworthy)

4. A noun:

(a)In the common case. One of the marked features of the English language is the wide use of nouns in the common case as attributes in pre-position; in Russian nouns are never used as attributes in preposition.

I recognized him as Dougal Todd, the village painter and carpen­ter. (Cronin) — Я узнал Дугала Тодда, местного деревенского маляра и плотника.

Не was pleased that the girl seemed impressed because it showed business instinct. (Galsworthy) — Он был дово­лен, что на девушку это произвело впечатление, ибо это свидетельствовало о том, что у нее есть коммерческая жилка.

Не wore a large straw hat. — На нем была большая соломен­ная шляпа.

As seen from the above examples the attributive nouns are rendered in Russian either by nouns in the genitive case used in post -position or by adjectives.

(b)In the genitive case. This kind of attribute is generally used in pre-position.

Her father's nerves would never stand the disclosure. (Galswor­thy) — Нервы ее отца не выдержат этого известия.

However, an attribute expressed by the preposition of a noun in the genitive case is used in post-position (the so-called Absolute Genitive): this clever joke of mother 's; a book of my brother 's.

How could he go up to Oxford now, among all those chaps, those splendid friends of Crum's? (Galsworthy)

In this case the noun modified is always used either with the in­definite article or with a demonstrative pronoun. The latter makes it emphatic.

The same construction may be used with possessive pronouns in their absolute form: a friend of mine; that pretty sister of his.

5. A prepositional phrase.

To think that a man of his abilities would stoop to such a horrible trick as that! (Dreiser)

And the impressions of six years are not got over in such a space of time. (Thackeray)

Very often in translating English of-phrases into Russian nouns in the genitive case without any preposition are used.

the captain of the ship — капитан корабля

a cup of tea — чашка чая

6. An adverb:

(a)In pre-position.

In Russian an attribute cannot be expressed by an adverb in pre­position. Consequently in translating these sentences into Russian we use adjectives: the then secretary — тогдашний секретарь.

In the light of after events one cannot but sympathize with them. (Fox) — В свете последующих событий им нельзя не сочувствовать.

(b)In post-position.

A voice inside said, "Come in." — Голос из комнаты сказал: «Войдите!»

The room above is large and light. — Комната наверху боль­шая и светлая.

The man there is my brother. — Вон тот человек — мой брат. Will it be a step on or a step back? — Это будет шаг вперед или шаг назад?

The above examples show that in Russian an adverb can also be used as an attribute in post-position. However, not every English attributive adverb in post-position can be rendered by an adverb in Russian.

7. Participles 1 and II or a participial phrase.

The participle in the function of an attribute can be used in pre­position and in post-position. In the latter case it is mostly used with accompanying words.

On the opposite side of the road to the site of the destroyed church is a fine avenue of old trees. (Abrahams)

It looks brighter over there. I think it is only a passing shower. (Du Maurier)

I was dazzled by the snow glittering on the tree tops. (Ch. Bronte)

8. A prepositional phrase or a prepositional construction with a gerund.

Sally hated the idea of borrowing and living on credit. (Pri- chard)

The thought of having it copied again and again set him to smiling. (Shaw)

The idea of its being barbarous to confine wild animals had probably never even occurred to his father for instance... (Galsworthy)

(For ways of translating the gerund see Chapter VIII, The Ger­und.)

9. An infinitive, an infinitive phrase, or an infinitive construction. The infinitive as an attribute is always used in post-position.

They must have more companionship, more opportunity to broaden their life. (Dreiser)

All right, go back to your office, you've got work to do. (Heym)

But it was not easy to carry out the resolution never to approach her. (Hardy)

This is an English article for you to translate into Russian by tomorrow.

10. Quotation groups.

These are generally rendered in Russian by means of the conjunc­tion как будто, точно and a clause which stands in post-position.

I don't like his "don't-talk-to-me-or-l'll-contradict-you" air. — Мне не нравится то, что у него такой вид, как будто он хочет сказать: «Не разговаривайте со мной, а то я буду вам пе­речить».

Не was being the boss again, using the it's-my-money-now-do- as-you're-told voice. (Wilson) — Он теперь снова был хозяином и говорил тоном, в котором слышалось: «Теперь деньги мои, делайте как вам велят».

 

§ 31. An apposition is a special kind of attribute which is expressed by a noun (with or without accompanying words) which characterizes or explains the word modified by giving the person or thing another name. There are two kinds of apposition, the close apposition and the loose or detached apposition.

The close apposition.

A close apposition is not separated by commas and stands in close connection with the word modified. These word-groups generally con­sist either of the name of a person and a noun denoting a title, rank, profession, or the name of a person and a noun denoting relationship, or a geographical name and some common noun, e. g. Professor Brown, Captain Marryat, Aunt Polly, President Roosevelt, etc.

Even Aunt Ann was there. (Galsworthy)

Professor Sommerville practised what he preached. (Carter)

In these word-groups the noun modified is the name of a person or a geographical name, the first component is a common noun in apposition.

Note. In case the common noun is preceded by a possessive or a demon­strative pronoun, it becomes more important and acquires a stronger stress. Consequently the relation between the components of the word group is reversed. The first component is modified by the name of a person or a geographical name which is an apposition:

That boy Peter has a literary turn of mind. He is sure to become a writer.

Sometimes the apposition consists of the preposition of+ noun, e.g. the town of Daventry, the city of London.