Front view of urinary tract How does the urinary system work?

Your body takes nutrients from food and uses them to maintain all bodily functions including energy and self-repair. After your body has taken what it needs from the food, waste products are left behind in the blood and in the bowel. The urinary system works with the lungs, skin, and intestines--all of which also excrete wastes--to keep the chemicals and water in your body balanced. Adults eliminate about a quart and a half of urine each day. The amount depends on many factors, especially the amounts of fluid and food a person consumes and how much fluid is lost through sweat and breathing. Certain types of medications can also affect the amount of urine eliminated.

The urinary system removes a type of waste called urea from your blood. Urea is produced when foods containing protein, such as meat, poultry, and certain vegetables, are broken down in the body. Urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs about the size of your fists. They are near the middle of the back, just below the rib cage. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube called a renal tubule. Urea, together with water and other waste substances, forms the urine as it passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney. From the kidneys, urine travels down two thin tubes called ureters to the bladder. The ureters are about 8 to 10 inches long. Muscles in the ureter walls constantly tighten and relax to force urine downward away from the kidneys. If urine is allowed to stand still, or back up, a kidney infection can develop. Small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters about every 10 to 15 seconds. The bladder is a hollow muscular organ shaped like a balloon. It sits in your pelvis and is held in place by ligaments attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder stores urine until you are ready to go to the bathroom to empty it. It swells into a round shape when it is full and gets smaller when empty. If the urinary system is healthy, the bladder can hold up to 16 ounces (2 cups) of urine comfortably for 2 to 5 hours. Circular muscles called sphincters help keep urine from leaking. The sphincter muscles close tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the bladder into the urethra, the tube that allows urine to pass outside the body. Nerves in the bladder tell you when it is time to urinate (empty your bladder). As the bladder first fills with urine, you may notice a feeling that you need to urinate. The sensation to urinate becomes stronger as the bladder continues to fill and reaches its limit. At that point, nerves from the bladder send a message to the brain that the bladder is full, and your urge to empty your bladder intensifies. When you urinate, the brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, squeezing urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax. As these muscles relax, urine exits the bladder through the urethra. When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal urination occurs.

Задания для уяснения темы занятия, методики вида деятельности

 

6.1. Вопросы для самоподготовки.

1. Where does the urine pass from the stomach?

2. What are the organs of the urinary system?

3. Where are the kidneys placed?

4. What are the functions of the kidneys?

5. What route does the ureter pass?

5 What does the bladder serve for?

6 What are some disorders of the urinary system?

7 What causes problems in the urinary system?

8 How is the urea produced?

9 What is the role of the urinary system?

6.2 Тестовые задания по теме.

6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме. Предложите ситуации из медицинской практики, которые можно было бы описать следующим высказыванием: "The appearance of a disease is swift as an arrow; its disappearance slow, like a thread." (Chinese Proverb)

 

7. Список тем по УИРС, предлагаемый кафедрой:

- Примерные темы проектов / докладов: “Diseases of the Urinary System” “Kidneys and their role in the process of excretion”.

 

8. Рекомендуемая литература:

- основная

1. Английский язык: Учебник для медицинских вузов и медицинских специалистов/ И.Ю. Марковина, З.К. Максимова, М.Б. Вайнштейн; Под. Ред. И.Ю. Марковиной. – М.: ГЭОТАР- Медиа, 2005. -368 с.

- дополнительная

2. Eric H. Glendinning, Ron Howard Professional English in Use. Medicine. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 2007. - 175 p.

3. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine).

 

 

Занятие №15

1. Тема занятия «The Urinary system»

2. Значение изучения темы. Актуальность темы обеспечивается, во-первых, ее параллельным изучением в курсе анатомии человека. Во-вторых, основные речевые конструкции, усвоенные в ходе изучения данной темы, послужат основой при реферировании и аннотировании студентами текстов, описывающих строение других системы жизнедеятельности организма человека. В третьих, лексический минимум, усвоенный студентами, является базовым для работы над рядом последующих тем, предлагаемых программой для изучения на 1 и 2 курсах.

3. Цель обучения: развитие иноязычной речи по теме «The Urinary system» (обучающийся должен знать лексику по теме «The Urinary system», быть готов к чтению оригинальной литературы по теме «The Urinary system» с минимальным использованием словаря, уметь кратко рассказать о строении пищеварительной системы человека, раскрыть функции отдельных органов пищеварительной системы).

4. План изучения темы:

4.1. Исходный контроль знаний (Тест на лексику по теме.).

4.2. Раскрытие учебно-целевых вопросов.

Введение нового грамматического материала: Gr.: Функции и перевод слов since, as.

Выполнение тренировочных упражнений (1, №5, №6 стр. 93).

Работа с текстом В “The Kidneys” (1, стр. 99, упражнение 5).

Введение лексики на тему «Заболевания мочевыделительной системы».

Чтение и перевод диалога по теме (2, стр. 74)

4.3. Самостоятельная работа по теме: составление диалогов по теме с использованием слов since, as.

4.4. Итоговый контроль знаний:

Представление резюме по теме.

 

Основные понятия и положения темы.

Тема «The Urinary system» предполагает ознакомление с определение с мочевыделительной системой, ее органами и их функциями, с процессом образования мочи. Мочевыделительная система. Почки, их роль в организме. Заболевания мочевыделительной системы.

Gr.: Функции и перевод слов since, as.

 

Kidney is one of a pair of organs located at the back of the abdomen, against the strong muscles next to the spine, and behind the intestines and other organs. The adrenal glands lie on top of the kidneys.

Each kidney weighs about 5 ounces (140g) and is about 4 inches (10cm) long in the average adult. Its inner structure, which is called the renal pel­vis, collects urine as it is formed and passes it out of the kidney to the blad­der via the ureter. The renal pelvis also is connected to the artery and vein that carry blood to and from the kidney.

The kidneys filter out water and also unwanted substances in the blood. These substances are pro­duced by the normal working of the body. They are excreted by the kidneys in the form of urine. The kidneys also keep the salts and wa­ter of the body in correct balance.

Blood passes through each kidney under high pressure. The blood to filtered by the glomeruli, special structures in the kidney containing dusters of capillaries that collect water, salts, and unwanted sub­stances. The filtrate passes along a fine tube, the nephron (of which there are approximately one mil­lion in each kidney), which reabsorbs any of the water, glucose, and salts that the body still re­quires and allows the rest to pass into the pelvis of the kidney as urine.

Points to Remember

Your urinary system filters waste and extra fluid from your blood.

Problems in the urinary system include kidney failure, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, prostate enlargement, and bladder control problems.

Health professionals who treat urinary problems include general practitioners (your primary doctor), pediatricians, urologists, gynecologists, urogynecologists, and nephrologists. What causes problems in the urinary system? Problems in the urinary system can be caused by aging, illness, or injury. As you get older, changes in the kidneys' structure cause them to lose some of their ability to remove wastes from the blood. Also, the muscles in your ureters, bladder, and urethra tend to lose some of their strength. You may have more urinary infections because the bladder muscles do not tighten enough to empty your bladder completely. A decrease in strength of muscles of the sphincters and the pelvis can also cause incontinence, the unwanted leakage of urine. Illness or injury can also prevent the kidneys from filtering the blood completely or block the passage of urine.