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Англо–русский учебный словарь по экономике Приложение к учебнику C.St.J.Yates«Economics» English Russian Learner’s Dictionary on Economics Предисловие
Настоящее пособие является приложением к учебнику Economics C.St.J.Yates. Пособие состоит из двух частей. В первой части предлагается материал для активизации лексического материала уроков (юнитов) 1–6, во второй – уроков (юнитов) 7–15. К каждому уроку предлагаются следующие разделы: 1) поурочный словарь терминов и понятий; 2) список синонимов и антонимов активной лексики; 3) список словосочетаний (Translate and Practice). Словосочетания данного раздела предлагается использовать в упражнениях типа:
заполните пропуски: ключ: a) to........... scarce resources between competing uses (allocate) b) to impose a........... on a good (tax) c) to........... businers over the telephone (transact) d) demand........... supply (exceeds) e) substitutes........... oil (for) f) to reduce the........... to work (incentive) g) to have sole........... of facilities (use) h) to satisfy the law of........... returns (diminishing)
составьте предложения с данными сочетаниями; составьте сообщения на тему прочитанного текста, используя предложенные слова и словосочетания.
Поскольку студенты факультета экономики не всегда имеют достаточный словарный запас (General English), в подстрочном словаре дается лексика не только сугубо экономической направленности. Ряд лексических единиц дается «кустами» (to compete – competition – competing – competitive). Большая часть специальной лексики дается в виде устойчивых словосочетаний (combinations, partnerships), поскольку известно, что словосочетания гораздо легче запоминаются, чем отдельно взятые вырванные из контекста слова. Кроме того, при переводе с русского сочетаний типа «покупательная способность» русский студент обычно переводит каждое слово отдельно, что не всегда возможно. Словарь построен по принципу избыточности. Преподаватель вправе ограничить объем активной лексики в зависимости от уровня группы. Цель данного пособия – помочь студентам экономических специальностей (факультетов) освоить специальную терминологию, расширить словарный запас, приобрести навыки чтения текстов экономического содержания, навыки аудирования (понимания лекций на английском языке). Студенты уровня Intermediate, активно владеющие предложенным лексическим материалом, смогут вести беседу по тематике «Economics» на английском языке. Synonyms Ø price – cost Ø buy – purchase Ø consumer – buyer Ø expensive – costly Ø to increase – to rise Ø abrupt – sudden – dramatic – sharp Ø gradual – constant – steady Ø to respond – to answer– to react Ø to assume – to suppose – to believe – to assert Ø to understand – to realize – to recognize Ø to predict – to forecast – to foresee – to anticipate Ø to decrease– to reduce Ø commodity – good Ø substantial – serious, large Ø an increase – a rise – an upheaval Ø to inflict – to damage Ø to switch to – to shift to Ø to raise the price – to bid up the price Ø revenue – profit Ø to require – to demand Ø to secure – to ensure Ø effect – consequence Ø profitable – lucrative Ø fuel efficient – economical Ø to contemplate – to think over – to consider
Antonyms Ø buyers – sellers Ø scarce – abundant Ø to increase – to decrease Ø cheap – expensive Ø efficient – inefficient Ø to expand – to contract Ø intricate – straightforward Ø to get, to acquire – to give up Ø efficient – inefficient Ø price slump – price rise
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) to allocate scarce resources between competing uses 2) oil and its derivatives 3) cheap and abundant oil 4) an abrupt change 5) to raise prices 6) to raise taxes 7) to economize on the use of oil 8) to be dependent on oil 9) substitutes for oil 10) an intricate, interconnected system 11) the upheaval of the world economy 12) the assumption of cheap oil prices 13) people respond to prices 14) to attract extra labour 15) a price rise 16) demand exceeds supply 17) to secure wage increases 18) in comparison with 19) a small reduction in sales 20) a gradual rise 21) to produce electricity from coal– fired generators 22) to use less oil 23) to choke off the demand for oil– related commodities 24) to purchase substitute commodities 25) to form car pools
Synonyms Ø chiefly – mostly, mainly Ø correspondingly – respectively, accordingly Ø regulation – law – restriction Ø to ban – to forbid Ø eventually – finally Ø spending – expenditures Ø a target – a goal – an aim Ø to refine – to specify – to clarify
Antonyms Ø sufficient – insufficient Ø efficient – inefficient Ø incentive – disincentive (effect) Ø to impose – to remove Ø to borrow – to lend
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) to provide services 2) to make transfer payments 3) government expenditures 4) the provision of goods and services 5) government borrowing 6) to raise tax revenues 7) to allocate scarce resources among competing demands 8) low share of government spending 9) to impose restrictions, regulations and laws 10) to obey safety requirements 11) to pollute air, water, land 12) to finance by imposing taxes 13) a percentage of national income 14) the scale of government activity 15) to ensure that the poor are allocated more 16) attractive residential parts of the city 17) to allocate goods to consumers 18) to reduce the incentive to work 19) to afford a foreign holiday 20) to prevent from pollution
UNIT 2. THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY FRONTIER Synonyms Ø to obtain – to get – to acquire Ø an instrument – a tool Ø to diminish – to get less – to decrease Ø extra – additional Ø to transfer from... to... – to move from... to...
Antonyms Ø implicit – explicit Ø implicitly – explicitly Ø at one extreme – at the other extreme Ø to have sole use of the facilities – to share the facilities
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) to satisfy the law of diminishing returns 2) to raise output by 9 units 3) a small increase in output 4) to have at one’s disposal 5) to have sole use of facilities 6) to share the facilities 7) the output falls 8) at one extreme 9) at the other extreme 10) to transfer workers from one industry to another 11) a trade off between film production and food production 12) to trade off food for films 13) a hypothetical economy 14) to allocate workers between two industries 15) a fixed total amount of 16) to reduce equipment per worker 17) to exhibit diminishing returns
Text 2
Synonyms Ø feasible – possible Ø restriction – constraint Ø to limit – to restrict Ø attainable – possible – feasible Ø to yield – to produce
Antonyms Ø spare resources – scarce resources Ø attainable – unattainable Ø necessarily – unnecessarily Ø efficient – inefficient
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) a feasible combination 2) to produce more of one good without sacrificing output of the other good 3) to put an extra person to work in the industry 4) loss of food output 5) to produce efficiently 6) to obtain more output 7) to waste resources 8) the amount of labour available 9) to make choices 10) to select a point inside the PPF 11) to sacrifice output unnecessarily 12) the desired output combination
UNIT 3. MARKETS
Synonyms Ø profitable – lucrative Ø to allocate resources – to devote resources Ø to emphasize – to stress – to point out – to underline Ø luxury – expensive – rich Ø to force smb to do smth – to make smb to do smth Ø illness – disease Ø scarcity – rareness
Antonyms Ø skilled – unskilled
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) to bring together buyers and sellers 2) to transact business over the telephone 3) remote control 4) consumption of alternative goods 5) to reconcile decisions 6) adjustment of prices 7) to produce those goods and services that society demands 8) limited resources 9) to answer the question in favour of smb 10) the seller’s viewpoint 11) to be in business 12) to switch to another kind of production 13) a suitable part time job 14) to offer high wages 15) to guide smb’s decision 16) to allocate resources through the price system 17) to cover the cost of running the enterprise 18) to devote no resources to some production 19) to reduce the economy’s ability to produce smth 20) to be forced to raise prices 21) to reallocate resources 22) to reflect the increased scarcity of a good 23) to involve several markets 24) a local labour market 25) market for rented buildings 26) arrangements through which prices influence the allocation of scarce resources
Synonyms Ø personal value judgment – subjective value judgment Ø an assertion – an assumption Ø to seek – to look for – to search Ø to clarify – to specify Ø an option – a variant – a version Ø eventually – finally Ø completely – entirely Ø the elderly – the aged – the old Ø to spell out – to decipher – to decode – to interpret
Antonyms Ø resolved – unresolved Ø involved – detached Ø subjective – objective Ø correct – incorrect, false Ø equal – unequal Ø agree – disagree Ø distinct – vague Ø favourable – unfavourable Ø necessary – unnecessary Ø curiosity – lack of interest Ø to distinguish – to treat as the same
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) to distinguish two branches of the subject 2) to make decisions about consumption and production 3) a twofold purpose of investigation 4) to predict how the economy will respond to changes in circumstances 5) prescriptions and recommendations 6) to act as a detached scientist 7) «a good thing» 8) a good 9) a bad 10) to have (no) scope for personal value judgments 11) to be concerned with 12) to be similar to 13) to impose a tax on a good 14) to increase the consumption of wheat 15) to command widespread agreement 16) the frontiers of economics 17) to provide scope for further research 18) to be based on the search of objective truth 19) to subsidize health bills 20) the assertion happens to be correct 21) broadly speaking 22) to share the judgment 23) roughly equal amounts of 24) luxury goods 25) to devote society’s scarce resources to 26) the preferences and priorities of the society 27) to make one’s choice 28) to clarify the menu of options 29) correct or false
Synonyms Ø to extend – to expand – to enlarge – to increase Ø to proceed – to advance – to go on Ø to emphasize – to stress Ø to ignore – to neglect, to miss out Ø for instance – for example Ø in some instances – in some examples Ø a breakdown of goods – ranging (of goods) Ø a branch (of the subject, of the science) – a field (of the subject, of the science) Ø to distort – to damage – to destroy Ø to treat – to approach Ø a treatment – an approach
Antonyms Ø sophisticated – simple, plain, straightforward Ø to extend – to contract, to diminish Ø to lose track – to follow track Ø direct – indirect Ø partial – full, complete
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) the segment of economic life 2) the complete pattern of production and consumption 3) to cut across a number of subject groupings 4) total car production 5) total car purchases 6) to study every market for every commodity 7) to lose track of the phenomenon 8) to proceed down different avenues 9) a rise in wages 10) to preserve the simplicity of the analysis 11) to make sense 12) to sweep under the carpet 13) to offer a detailed treatment 14) to aggregate the behavior of 15) to devise judicious simplifications 16) to keep the analysis manageable 17) to distort reality 18) to retain a manageable analysis 19) the complete interaction of the economy
Text 2. Summary
Synonyms Ø at the cost of – at the expense of Ø virtually – practically Ø conflict – argument – disagreement Ø disagreement – controversy Ø to stay – to remain
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) the maximum amount of 2) for each given level of output 3) to depict 4) the menu of choices 5) to rely extensively on production and consumption decisions 6) to co– ordinate through adjustment in prices 7) to rely entirely on 8) extensive planning 9) to allocate resources through markets 10) a large dose of government intervention 11) the optimal level of 12) a subject of controversy 13) to make prescriptions 14) to keep separate 15) sufficient research 16) to involve subjective value judgments 17) to agree about normative statements 18) at the cost of 19) individual building blocks 20) to reconcile the conflict
Synonyms Ø to ponder – to contemplate – to think over – to think carefully about Ø to include – to embrace Ø exact – precise Ø to square – to correspond, to be in line with Ø crucial – the most important Ø to alert – to warn Ø to overlook – to miss out Ø confidence – trust Ø spurious – false Ø intelligent – clever Ø to omit – to neglect – to ignore Ø likely – probable
Antonyms Ø to include – to miss out Ø precise – imprecise Ø previously – afterwards Ø subtle – crude Ø intelligent – stupid Ø likely – improbable Translate into Russian and practice: 1) the description of the past 2) the prediction of the future 3) society’s value judgments 4) to master the tools of trade 5) a series of simplifying assumptions 6) a deliberate simplification of reality 7) to omit some details 8) to concentrate on the essentials 9) to miss out features 10) to quantify the relationships 11) to draw attention to 12) to square with relevant facts
Text 2. Index Numbers
Synonyms Ø calculate – to work out Ø derive – to get from Ø purpose – aim Ø to assign – to give, to put forward Ø apparent – evident Ø to plot – to draw a figure Ø to resemble – to look alike
Antonyms Ø gradually – sharply Ø to resemble – to look unlike
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) to present data as index numbers 2) to quote actual prices 3) specified quantities of smth 4) relative to a given base value 5) annual averages for a good in selected years 6) to exhibit a percentage increase 7) to assign some value to the price of a good 8) starting value 9) to increase sixfold 10) to double 11) to interpret the data 12) striking difference in behavior 13) to pass unnoticed 14) to derive a single measure 15) to construct an index 16) to make a single time series out of two 17) to reflect the purpose of smth 18) industrial inputs 19) the relative use of two goods 20) to have a relatively low weight
Text 1. Economic Models
Synonyms Ø to choose – to pick out Ø to omit – to miss out – to neglect – to ignore Ø straight away – immediately, right now Ø minor – unimportant – insignificant Ø shortly – soon Ø underground – tube – metro Ø to cut – to reduce Ø to lead to – to result in Ø to imagine – to suppose Ø to alter – to change – to vary Ø constant – unchanged, unaltered Ø to matter – to be of importance Ø broadly – approximately, roughly
Antonyms Ø gradually – sharply Ø altered – unaltered Ø suggestive – conclusive Ø initially – finally, eventually Ø to adopt – to reject Ø to encourage – to discourage Ø affected by – unresponsive Ø include – omit Ø inclusion – omission Ø broad – narrow Ø to ignore (to neglect) – to pay attention to
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) to influence the number of passengers through smth 2) the model of traveller behavior 3) to study the theory in detail 4) to remain unaltered 5) to depend on all the things listed inside the brackets 6) to take the effects into account 7) to set (raise) a question 8) to apply common sense 9) to be relevant 10) to be sensitive to the costs of competing alternatives 11) to use the terms interchangeably 12) the predicted number of journeys demanded 13) to lead to a serious error 14) to raise the revenue from tube fares 15) to model the demand for tube journeys 16) the determinants of the demand for tube journeys 17) the determine the number of passengers 18) to be unresponsive to changes 19) to adopt a model 20) minor effects 21) economics in action 22) to bring extra revenue 23) to run the tube services 24) to lead to disastrous losses 25) to refer the matter to the court Text 2. Scatter Diagrams
Synonyms Ø to make smb do smth – to force smb to do smth Ø shortly – soon Ø to infer – to conclude Ø in spite of – despite
Antonyms Ø to slope up – to slope down Ø suggestive – conclusive Ø sufficient(ly) – insufficient(ly)
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) the relation between tube fare and real revenue 2) measured at 1973 prices 3) to be confident about one’s future 4) correct for inflation 5) the years of the highest revenue 6) expressed in 1973 prices 7) to compensate for the fact 8) in real terms 9) to capture the relation 10) associated with the highest revenue 11) to make total revenue go down 12) in spite of higher prices 13) the analysis is suggestive 14) to reduce passenger use 15) to obtain the revenue from selling tube fares 16) to make the revenue go down 17) parking charges 18) to abandon cars in favour of buses 19) to reduce passenger use
UNIT 7. SUPPLY & DEMAND (1) Text 1. The Market
Synonyms Ø exact – precise Ø simultaneously – at the same time Ø to charge the price – to set the price Ø apart – separately Ø superficially – on the surface Ø to exceed – to be greater than Ø lucrative – profitable
Antonyms Ø exact – inexact Ø essential – unimportant Ø to concentrate on smth – to pay no attention to Ø admission – expulsion Ø precise – inexact Ø lower – upper Ø to advance – to retreat Ø to be relevant to – to bear no relation to
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) to adopt a definition 2) to bring together buyers and sellers 3) to operate through intermediaries 4) to make a purchase 5) other things equal 6) increasingly lucrative 7) to balance the quantities supplied and demanded 8) supply and demand 9) to involve buyers in forced purchases 10) to react to unsold stocks 11) to eliminate excess demand 12) to charge the price 13) to guide resource allocation 14) to exchange goods and services 15) to bid against each other 16) to perform an economic function 17) at each conceivable price 18) a fall in household incomes 19) to get sick from smth 20) to have a negative slope 21) to approach the problem diagrammatically Synonyms Ø inferior goods – low quality goods Ø nasty – ugly Ø convenience – comfort Ø custom – tradition Ø to single out – to point out, to distinguish Ø to embrace – to include Ø ensuing – following Ø to ensue – to result Ø adverse – unfavourable Ø stringent – strict, obligatory Ø to show – to depict Ø to expand – to increase, to make or grow larger Ø efficient – well– managed, profitable Ø justified – correct, reasonable Ø only – merely Ø to persuade – to induce Ø to ruin – to destroy Ø probably – likely Ø to prevent smb from doing smth – to stop smb from doing smth Ø a process – a way Ø to extract – to dig out Ø to protect – to prevent harm Ø shipping – delivery Ø constant – stable – unchanging Ø nasty – unpleasant Antonyms Ø prohibit – allow Ø nasty – beautiful, wonderful, nice, good Ø precisely – loosely Ø inputs – outputs Ø private – public Ø raw – finished Ø to impose regulations – to remove regulations Ø probably – unlikely Ø profitable – unprofitable Ø adverse – favourable
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) to shift the PPF outwards 2) to discuss smth in (greater) detail 3) efficient producer 4) to make a profit 5) to expand output 6) to work overtime 7) to provide an incentive to produce more 8) to slope upward (downward) 9) to shift the curve to the right (left) 10) total cost 11) improvements in packaging techniques 12) faster shipping 13) better refrigeration 14) to enable the firm to supply more 15) production methods 16) the development of disease– resistant seeds 17) improved weather forecasting 18) timing of planting and harvesting 19) a reduction in input prices 20) to induce firms to produce more 21) to destroy the crop 22) ensuing scarcity 23) an adverse technological change for produces 24) to extract surface mineral deposits
Synonyms Ø to seek – to look for Ø to give up – to quit, to stop
Antonyms Ø rarely – frequently Ø upward – downward Ø straight – crooked Ø positive – negative Ø include – omit Ø brevity – length Ø negligible – substantial, serious
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) hypothetical numbers 2) a trivial cut in the price 3) a negligible effect 4) to measure commodities in different units 5) to examine the percentage change
UNIT 10. CONSUMER CHOICE
Text 2
Synonyms Ø to maximize – to make the most of Ø to rank – to put, arrange in order Ø environment – surroundings Ø to yield – to give, to produce Ø to pick out – to choose Ø to afford – to be able to buy Ø to sacrifice – to give up Ø unaffordable – beyond one’s financial means Ø reasoning – explanation Antonyms Ø apart – together Ø affordable – unaffordable Ø to gain – to loose Translate into Russian and practice: 1) marginal rate of substitution 2) to prefer more to less 3) to sacrifice abundant films for scarce meals 4) to change total utility 5) to tend to increase utility 6) to hold utility constant 7) to give up some good in exchange for another 8) to obtain the same amount of utility 9) to be reluctant to sacrifice smth 10) a robust reasoning 11) a wide range of circumstances 12) to obtain successive equal increases in the quantity of a good 13) to remain unaltered 14) to gain a meal 15) common – sense reasoning 16) diminishing marginal rate of substitution 17) successive increase 18) to rank alternative bundles according to
UNIT 11. OUTPUT SUPPLY Text 2. Earnings
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) expenses incurred in producing goods or services 2) the excess of revenues over costs 3) the calculation of revenues 4) to hire people 5) to rent out people to other firms 6) to charge $10 per hour per worker 7) to lease an office 8) to buy advertising space 9) to show the income statement 10) net income before taxes 11) to pay bills immediately 12) an economic viewpoint 13) to make payments 14) the net amount of money received during the period 15) a poor cash flow 16) to be slow to pay bills 17) a healthy cash inflow 18) the cost of using 19) the cost of buying 20) the reduction in value of the good over a year 21) a purchase price 22) a large cash outflow 23) to plough profits back to business 24) to incur debts
UNIT 12. MACROECONOMICS
Text l. The Overall Picture
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) to pose a question 2) to seek the answer 3) to be concerned with the overall picture 4) to piece together the microeconomic analysis of each and every market 5) the amount of magnification 6) to suppress the interaction with other markets 7) international competitiveness 8) to simplify the building blocks of the analysis 9) to focus on 10) they fit together and influence one another 11) the total demand for goods by households 12) the total spending on machinery and buildings 13) to bluer one’s notion of the individual details 14) to give one’s full attention to the whole picture 15) to keep inflation under control 16) to create jobs 17) the outcome of elections 18) policy measures, policy debate 19) to influence the money supply 20) the subject of lively debate 21) the country at large 22) the ensuing chapters 23) to set a target
UNIT 13. MONEY AND BANKING
Synonyms Ø crucial – decisive Ø subsequently – later Ø benefit – advantage Ø to benefit – to derive advantage from smth Ø swap – swop – exchange Ø account – payment Ø invariable – fixed – immutable – firm
Antonyms Ø borrow – lend Ø assets – liabilities
Translate into Russian and practice: 1) the crucial feature of money 2) to exchange services for money 3) to buy goods in exchange for money 4) to trade goods directly 5) to swap goods for other goods 6) to make the trading process more efficient 7) legal tender 8) to quote prices 9) to keep accounts 10) to erode purchasing power 11) to repay the loan 12) to be obliged to pay 13) to be accepted as payment 14) to share by two people or more 15) to work smoothly and well
Text 2. Modern Banking
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