Переведите следующие предложения в Active Voice.

 

1. All the questions must be answered.

2. The door has been left open.

3. Betty was met at the station.

4. The girl was not allowed to go to the concert.

5. The roast chicken was eaten with appetite.

6. It was so dark, that the houses could not be seen.

 

Составьте 5 типов вопросов по тексту.

Разделите текст на несколько логических частей и озаглавьте их.

Вариант III

Criminal law

Criminal law is the body of law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected persons, and fixes penalties and modes of treatment applicable to convicted offenders.

Criminal law is only one of the devices by which organized societies protect the security of individual interests and assure the survival of the group. There are, in addition, the standards of conduct instilled by family, school, and religion; the rules of the office and factory; the regulations of civil life enforced by ordinary police powers; and the sanctions available through tort actions. The distinction between criminal law and tort \ law is difficult to draw with real precision, but in general one may say that a tort is a private injury while a crime is conceived as an offense against the public, although the actual victim may be an individual.

The traditional approach to criminal law has been that crime is an act that is morally wrong. The purpose of criminal sanctions was to make the offender give retribution for harm done and expiate his moral guilt;punishment was to be meted out in proportion to the guilt of the accused. In modern times more rationalistic and pragmatic views have predominated.

With the development of the social sciences, there arose new concepts, such as those of the protection of the public and the reform of the offender;

In the United States, a Model Penal Code proposed by the American Law Institute in 1962 states that an objective of criminal law should be «to give fair warning of the nature of the conduct declared to constitute an offense» and «to promote the correction and rehabilitation of offenders.» Since that time there has been renewed interest in the concept of general prevention, including both the deterrence of possible offenders and the stabilization and strengthening of social norms.

 

Прочитайте текст и переведите на русский язык.

 

К указанным словам подберите синонимы и переведите на русский язык.

offence	individual
trial	protection
objective (n)	propose (v)
conduct (v)	make (v)
rule (n)	purpose (n)

К указанным словам подберите антонимы и переведите на русский язык.

development	strengthen
protection	general
public	give
offender	available
stabilization	civil

 

4. Ответьте на вопросы.

1) What does the criminal law define and regulate?

2) Are there any other devices that protect societly?

3) As there any distinction between criminal law and fort law?

4) What is the purpose of criminal sanctions?

5) What does a Model Penal Code state?

Вставьте пропущенные предлоги.

When a plane... London arrived... Sydney airport, workers began to unload... number... wooden boxes which contained clothing. No one could account for the fact that one... the boxes was extremely heavy. It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the box. He was astonished... what he found. A man was lying... the box on top of a pi­le of woolen goods. He was so surprised... being discovered that he didn't even try to run away. After he was arrested, the man admitted hiding... the box before the plane left London. He had had a long and uncomfortable trip, for he had been confined... the wooden box over ten hours. The man was ordered to pay £345 for the cost... the trip. The normal price... a ticket is £230!

 

Заполните пропуски соответствующими предлогами пользуясь выражениями из текста.

to deal …	according …
to compare …	to be proposed …
… number	to apply …
originate …	to distinguish…
… least	according …

Переведите предложения на английский язык используя видовременные формы глагола в активном или пассивном залоге.

 

1. В суде ее представлял адвокат.

2. Это дело об ограблении было раскрыто в августе.

3. Я думаю, что вердикт будет вынесен завтра.

4. Вчера обвиняемый был арестован полицией. Он содержится в тюрьме.

5. Вердикт все еще осуждается присяжными. Я думаю, он будет вынесен к 5 часам.

6. полиция получила некоторые важные улики.

7. Завтра обвиняемый примет участие в перекрестном допросе (cross-examination).

8. Присяжные еще не закончили обсуждать вердикт. Они обсуждают его уже 3 часа.

9. Понятие «юрисдикция» (jurisdiction) было определено как полномочие (authority) суда заслушивать и выносить решения по делу.

 

8. Переведите в косвенную речь следующие предложения:

1. He said: “The judge will have been appointed by the beginning of the trial.”

2. He said: “Today his appeal has been rejected by the higher court.”

3. He said: “The hearing of the case had been finished by the end of last week.”

4. He said: “The key to his flat was lost last week. We hope it will have been found by his arrival.”

5. He said: “The application has been prepared by the solicitor.”

6. He said: “The offender has just been arrested by the police inspector.”

7. He said: “The trial has just been closed.”

Поставьте глагол в скобках в Passive или Active Voice и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. The student (to be) examined by the professor.

2. This minor offence (to be) considered by the Magistrate’s Court.

3. The participants of the trial (to site) in the courtroom.

4. The judge (to prepare) to speak on the case when he (to give) the letter.

5. I (to work) on my report on civil law in the library.

6. For 3 days the regional court (to consider) this case.

7. The suspect (to be) cross-examined when the investigator (to receive) the results of the laboratory analysis.

8. The offender just (to arrest) by the police inspector.

Переведите следующие предложения в Active Voice.

1. The light has not yet been turned off.

2. The boy was punished for misbehaving.

3. By three o’clock everything had been prepared.

4. The dictation was written without mistakes.

5. Her dress was washed and ironed.

6. I was not blamed for the mistakes.

Составьте 5 типов вопросов по тексту.

Разделите текст на несколько логических частей и озаглавьте их.

Вариант IV

Procedural law

Procedural law, also called ADJECTIVE LAW, is the law governing the machinery of the courts and the methods by which both the state and the individual (the latter including societies, whether incorporated or not) enforce their rights in the several courts. It prescribes the means of enforcing rights or providing redress of wrongs and comprises rules relative to jurisdiction, pleading and practice, evidence, appeal, execution of judgments, representation of counsel, costs, conveyancing and registration, and other matters. Procedural law is commonly contrasted with substantive law, which constitutes the great body of law and defines and regulates legal rights and duties.

It is sometimes said that the Anglo-American common-law procedure is adversarial, while the continental European civil-law procedure is inquisitorial. This means that, in the common law, a lawsuit is essentially the concern of the adversaries, that is, the parties and their lawyers. It is the lawyers who present the evidence, and, unless a procedural problem arises, the judge simply listens to the presentation. By contrast, in the civil law there is a greater emphasis on the judge as a guarantor of a just outcome of the case, regardless of the lawyers' abilities. To this end he often functions as an inquisitor, questioning the parties as to the factual matters of the case. In some countries, such as Germany, the judge is required to guide the proceedings — for instance, by suggesting to the parties that they direct their attention to a particular point of fact or law. These differences in procedure create problems when, for a lawsuit pending in a country of one system, it is necessary to obtain¹ evidence, located in a country of the other system. In such cases, «judicial assistance» must be given to the courts in one country by those in the other.

The climactic and decisive part of an Anglo-American civil action is the trial, in which the parties present their proof in a concentrated fashion. The climactic event in a lawsuit based on European codes is the hearing before the full court.