Выделение членов предложения с помощью усилительных, ограничительных и отрицательных слов.

При усилении и подчеркивании значения второстепенного члена предложения (обычно обстоятельства) выделяемый член предложения вместе с предшествующим ему усилительным словом выносится вперед и ставится перед подлежащим, что влечет за собой инверсию сказуемого:

They will realize the importance of his work only in the course of time.

«Utopia» — «Утопия» — сочинение Томаса Мора (1480—1535).

Здесь обычный порядок слов: подлежащее, сказуемое дополнение, обстоятельство.

Но:

Only in the course of time will they realize the importance of his work.

Здесь инверсия: усилительное слово, обстоятельство, 1-я часть сказуемого, подлежащее, 2-я часть сказуемого, дополнение.

Только со временем они поймут важность его работы.

Основные усилительные и ограничительные слова, могущие вызывать инверсию сказуемого:

only — только;

not only... but also — не только..., но также и;

so... that — так... что;

hardly (scarcely)... when — едва... как;

no sooner... than ⁷ — как только

Отрицательные слова, могущие вызвать инверсию сказуемого:

 

never -	- никогда;
(in, at, on, of и др.) по -	- никакой, ни один (в соответствующих падежах; например: in no country — ни в одной стране);
nowhere	- нигде;
nobody	- никто;
not until	- только, только тогда, когда;
nor	- а также... не, и... не;
neither	- ни один; а также... не;
neither... nor	- ни... ни...

В следующих примерах сказуемое состоит из двух или трех частей, причем первая часть сказуемого стоит перед подлежащим, а вторая — после него.

Only in two cases can we find a similar construction. Только в двух случаях мы находим подобную конструкцию.

⁷ no sooner... than и hardly... when могут употребляться и при сохранении прямого порядка слов.

Only from this point of view is it possible to approach the problem.

Только с этой точки зрения возможно подойти к этой проблеме.

Only tomorrow will they receive our telegram.

Только завтра они получат нашу телеграмму.

В том случае если сказуемое выражено одним смысловым глаголом (т. е. если этот глагол стоит в Present или Past Indefinite), а выделение обстоятельства требует инверсии сказуемого, то на место первой части сказуемого (перед подлежащим) ставится вспомогательный глагол to do в соответствующем времени, лице и числе; ср., например:

We find a slight difference between the two forms only in one case.

Мы находим небольшое различие между обеими формами только в одном случае.

Но:

Only in one case do we find a slight difference between the two forms.

Вспомогательное «do», употребляемое при инверсии сказуемого, не переводится на русский язык:

Only in one paper did we find confirmation of our theory.

Только в одной работе мы нашли подтверждение нашей теории.

Примечание. Если таким способом выделяется целое придаточное обстоятельственное предложение, то инверсия наблюдается в главном предложении:

Only after the proofs had been corrected did he leave the publishing-house.

Только после того как корректура была исправлена, он ушел из издательства.

Перевод предложений с эмфатическим «so» и «nor». Кроме инверсии здесь может происходить полная или частичная замена сказуемого заместителем глагола. So в таких случаях переводится «тоже, также», nor — «а также... не». Функцию заместителя выполняют вспомогательные глаголы to do, to be и др. (см. также стр. 178).

Не is very busy now, and so are both his friends. Он очень занят сейчас, и оба его друга тоже.

1/₂ 11 Т. Н. Мальчевская 161

He knows three foreign languages, and so does his sister.

Он знает три иностранных языка, и его сестра также.

Упражнение

1. Переведите предложения, предварительно отыскав обе части сказуемого, перемещенные из-за инверсии.

1. In architectural unity Chekhov surpasses all Russian writers of the Realistic age. Only in Pushkin and Lermontov do we find an equal or superior gift of design.

2. Not only has this custom many parallels in modern times, but it can be demonstrated that it has survived in Greece since antiquity.

3. In no department of literature was so great an advance made during this period as in prose.

4. News about Japan reached Russia relatively late. Not until the seventeenth century do we find mention of Japan in Russian sources.

5. Not only did they edit and print textbooks on Confucianism, but they compiled books for popular education.

6. Only in 1733 did justice triumph when a new investigation was launched and both villains were hanged.

7. Nor can the author resist the temptation of bestowing on the reader tedious displays of his erudition, or of introducing foreign or obsolete words.

8. Prosper Merimee may at first sight seem to be completely outside the Romantic movement, for neither as a man AOL as a writer does he share any of its obvious and flamboyant characteristics.

9. Naturally, Hamlet is bitter against such a trimmer as Polonius. Nor could there, apart from reasons for direct resentment, be any community of feeling between the types so antagonistic.

 

10. The «forts» were not works of defence either strategic or social. Nor were they sacrificed places: they were something special. They were economic units, enclosed villages.

11. Hardly had the Turks taken possession of Tarsus (a city), when three thousand Normans arrived before the city, having come from the main army to reinforce Tancred.

12. The king of Dahomei himself was subject to ⁸ the prohibition of beholding the sea, and so were the kings of Loango and Great Ardra in Guinea.

13. Only after 1500 В. С. do bronze sickles begin to figure in Egyptian pictures or European hords.

14. In no part of the world, perhaps, are the inhabitants better fishermen.

15. Only occasionally do human bones found in these tumuli indicate the action of fire.

16. The dust had hardly settled over the battlefields of the world, when newspapers began to carry reports of a sensational new discovery in the field of biblical ⁹ archaeology.

17. No sooner, however, had his mother discovered that her son had found through imaginative play a method of stimulating his mind, than she put an end to the fairy tales.

18. The negotiations had barely been resumed, when sudden disaster overtook both sides. In the forenoon of December 23, an earthquake shook the area and a great tidal wave deluged the coast.

19. Agricultural tasks succeed each other in due order because they are bound up with the seasons, and so also do the rites and ceremonies which are connected with the tasks of sowing, reaping, threshing, gardening, and fruit gathering.

20. The two words are not enough alike in sound to cause their confusion, nor do their written symbols look alike enough.

21. Not only have her inland position and her relation to the Asiatic mainland influenced Japan greatly, but the characteristics of the land itself have been important.

22. Other examples of sound language not based on speech are the Army bugle calls, each one of which has a different meaning which the soldiers must learn. Nor should we forget our conventional way of indicating approval by clapping the hands and disapproval by hissing.

⁸ to be subject to — быть подверженным; здесь: подлежать запрету (табу).

• Здесь имеются в виду находки Кумранских рукописей (II в. до н. э.—I в. н. э.), так называемые находки у Мертвого моря

Вынесение причастия из состава сказуемого на первое место в предложении. При повествовательном стиле речи, в случае особого подчеркивания обстоятельств совершения действия, причастие (или прилагательное), входящее в состав сказуемого, выносится на первое место в предложении. Перевод в таких случаях следует начинать с обстоятельства (или дополнения), которое стоит после причастия, затем переводится сказуемое и, наконец, подлежащее; ср.:

Обычная конструкция Эмфатическая конструкция

В составе сказуемого — причастие во времени Past Continuous Active

A small ring was lying inside Lying inside the box was a small

the box. ring.

Маленькое кольцо лежало Внутри коробки лежало ма-

внутри коробки. ленькое кольцо.

В составе сказуемого — причастие во времени Present Indefinite Passive

Some other types of changes Connected with this phenomenon

are also connected with this are also some other types

phenomenon. of changes.

Некоторые другие типы изме- С этим явлением связаны также

нений также связаны с этим и некоторые другие типы

явлением. изменений.

Упражнение

2. Переведите предложения, предварительно отыскав обе части сказуемого.

1. Standing on the threshold and smiling was Ann, safe and sound.

2. Connected with these ballads is still a larger group of miscellaneous romances of adventure.

3. Left behind are two small islands, treeless bits of volcanic soil.

4. Developing alongside these schools was a third group, the monastic, which owed less to the spirit of the Renaissance, and more to the old art of the East.

5. An equally interesting hunting scene is that painted in the neighbouring cave. The two stags are pictured here in full flight. Running at the top speed after the two animals is their pursuer — a hunter armed with his bow.

6. Less general than these principles, but yet closely connected with universal modes of thought, are the various functions of words, which we call the parts of speech.

7. This is the most important problem since linked with it is the question of the relations between language and thought.

8. Allied to these classes is a group of words which have been shortened owing to misapprehension, whereas the foregoing have been shortened for the sake of brevity.

Причастия (и прилагательные) в составе сказуемого, вынесенные на первое место, и причастия в функции определения, обстоятельства и вводного члена предложения

Переведите, предварительно определив функцию причастия.

1. Cut in the rock on the face of a great cliff in the eastern part of Persia, there was an inscription in three languages.

2. Look closely at the bare branches of a tree, on which not the palest gleam of green can be discerned. Yet, spaced along each branch are the leaf buds, safely preserved under the insulating layers.

3. Lying in the open Atlantic between Brazil and Africa, St. Paul's Rocks are an obstruction thrust up from the floor of the ocean into the midst of the Equatorial Current.

4. These animals could have been portrayed only when they were still living during the Glacial Epoch. Confirming this is the fact that representations of these animals have been found embedded in the hearth ashes and detritus associated with skeletal remains of animals of the same species.

5. Viewed in the right way, it is evident that the local «Stone Age» lasted in Central Russia up to the first millenium В. С.

6. Intermingled with these shells are found the bones of various animals.

7. In the midst of the most extraordinary abundance, here are men, women and children dying of starvation; and running alongside a splendid chariot are poor, forlorn, almost naked wretches.

8. Viewed from the standpoint of palaeonthology all this evidence is untenable.

Т. Н. Мальчевская 165

9. Close to the famous Cave is the railway-station of Shell-Mound so called for an uncommonly large deposits of shells.

10. Simultaneous with this outburst of rhetoric was the school of Venetian painters, artists who delighted the rich travellers by producing views of Venetian life.

11. Meanwhile, nourished on the soil of Umbria to the south, another group of painters was maturing.