Основные способы перевода страдательного залога

Если сказуемое выражено глаголом в страдательном залоге, то подлежащее не выполняет действия, а подвергается действию, выраженному этим глаголом; ср.:

Действительный залог

They asked about it. Они спросили об этом.

Страдательный залог

They were asked about it. Их спросили об этом (Они были спрошены об этом).

Формы страдательного залога

 

	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	The house is built.	The house was built.	The house will be built.
Continuous	The house is being built.	The house was being built.
Perfect	The house has been built.	The house had been built.	The house will have been built.

При переводе на русский язык страдательную конструкцию можно передать следующими способами.

Русской формой страдательного залога данного глагола в соответствующем времени, лице и числе:

The paper was written last year.

Статья была написана в прошлом году.

Возвратной формой глагола на «-ся», «-сь» в соответствующем времени, лице и числе:

The excavations were made on the left side of the hill. Раскопки производились на левой стороне холма.

Неопределенно-личной формой глагола действительного залога в соответствующем времени в 3-м л. мн. ч.:

The excavation was made with great care. Раскопку производили с большой осторожностью.

Личной формой глагола в действительном залоге (такой перевод возможен только в том случае, если указано лицо, производящее действие, т. е. если в предложении есть дополнение с предлогом by):

These papers were written by one and the same author. Эти работы писал один и тот же автор.

Примечание. В некоторых случаях сочетание глагола to be с причастием II не является формой страдательного залога, а представляет собой именное сказуемое, которое в отличие от форм страдательного залога выражает состояние, а не действие; ср.:

Простое глагольное

сказуемое

(действие)

This door is (usually) locked

by the porter. Эту дверь (обычно) запирает

швейцар.

Составное именное

сказуемое

(состояние)

This door is locked. Эта дверь заперта.

Упражнения

1. Определите время сказуемого. Дайте все возможные варианты перевода.

1. Only a few instances will be given here.

2. His answer was appreciated by everybody.

3. A new exhibition has been organized in this building.

4. The most important documents are signed here.

5. His lecture will be broadcast by the radio tomorrow.

6. The new-discovered language was described and deciphered.

7. The inscriptions have not yet been fully studied.

8. The most important archaeological collections are housed in museums.

9. This paper was first published in another edition, and is reprinted here with the permission of the editors.

в

10. The above problem is being investigated by one of the writers,¹ and the results will be published separately.

11. All these ancient tools have been mentioned above, and something more will be said about them in the following chapter.

2. Подберите наилучший вариант перевода.

1. According to one version the famous library was destroyed during the strife between Ptolemy XV and his sister Cleopatra for the throne; according to another, it was burned six centuries later.

2. Almost all sciences except perhaps medicine suffered a relapse ² during the Dark Ages ³ when scientific pursuits were considered antireligious. The occasional scholar who attempted such studies was often persecuted and his progress discouragingly slow.

3. The origin of the race of men who made the Nile valley the cradle of civilization is still being sought by scholars.

4. On the whole ⁴ Chekhov's plays are constructed in the same way as his stories. The differences are due to the differences of material and are imposed by the use of dialogue.

5. These papers were in their original form read at a conference of the English Institute, 1954.

ПЕРЕВОД СОЧЕТАНИЙ

МОДАЛЬНОГО ГЛАГОЛА

С ИНФИНИТИВОМ В СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ⁵

 

Модальный глагол	Русское значение
must) should I + Infinitive Pas-to have (to) ] give to be (to) j	должен, необходимо, нужно, следует

¹ writers — здесь: авторы.

² a relapse — здесь: период упадка, застоя (амер.).

³ Dark Ages — средние века.

⁴ on the whole — в целом.

⁵ Подробнее о переводе модальных глаголов с инфинитивом см. стр. 36—43.

Модальный глагол	Русское значение
can may	+ Infinitive Passive	можно, может
cannot must not	+ Infinitive Passive + Infinitive Passive	не может не должен, нельзя

Упражнение

Переведите. Обратите внимание на значение и время модального глагола.

1. The question can be decided later.

2. The newspaper must be translated without a dictionary.

3. The lecture is to be delivered at eleven o'clock.

4. The teacher fell ill, so the lesson had to be postponed.

5. A word should be said about the origin of this term.

6. This rule cannot be applied here.

7. These books must not be touched without permission.

8. A word or two⁶ may be said as to the plan upon which the book is constructed.

9. The letters will have to be posted in the morning.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕВОДА ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕГО

ПРИ СКАЗУЕМОМ

В СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ

Подлежащее английской страдательной конструкции от целого ряда глаголов ⁷ следует переводить косвенным или прямым дополнением (т. е. в дательном, винительном и творительном падеже), а сказуемое (форму страдательного залога) — неопределенно-личной формой глагола:

I was shown the new photographs.

Мне показали новые фотографии.

Не was asked to wait.

Его попросили подождать.

⁶ a word, a word or two — несколько слов. ⁷ Имеются в виду глаголы, принимающие два дополнения — прямое и косвенное.

При следующих глаголах,⁸ употребленных в страдательном залоге, подлежащее английского предложения следует переводить дательным, винительным или творительным падежом:

 

 

 

 

 

 

В дательном падеже
to advise — советовать	to order — приказывать
to aid — помогать	to permit — позволять, разрешать
to assist — помогать
to deny — отказывать (в)	to precede — предшествовать
to give — давать, дарить	to promise — обещать
to forbid — запрещать	to refuse — отказывать
to forgive — прощать	to send — посылать, присылать
to help — помогать
to inform — сообщать	to show — показывать
to oppose — противиться, противостоять	to tell — сказать, велеть
to threaten — угрожать
В винительном падеже
to ask — (по)просить, спрашивать	to send — посылать
to see — видеть
to avoid — избегать	to teach — учить, обучать, преподавать
to oppose — быть против
В творительном падеже
to admire — восхищаться	to own — владеть, обладать
to ignore — пренебрегать

Упражнения

1. Переведите. Обратите внимание на то, каким падежом следует перевести подлежащее английского предложения.

1. We were informed that he had been sent to a conference.

2. He was sent only two copies of this book.

3. They were asked about it yesterday.

4. We were asked to come in.

5. He had been taught Latin and Greek in his boyhood.. 6. We were given only three tickets instead of five.

7. She was given a watch as a birthday present.

⁸ Здесь и во всех последующих списках глаголов приводятся лишь те значения, которые данные глаголы имеют в страдательной конструкции.

8. The visitors were shown many new exhibits.

9. They were shown into a large hall.

 

10. He has not been seen anywhere today.

11. We were shown in ⁹ and asked to wait.

12. She was advised to spend the summer in the Crimea.

13. They were ordered to be silent.

14. The painter was assisted by two of his disciples.

15. We have not been offered anything yet.

16. The boy was helped with his lessons by his elder sister.

17. I was told that all the strangers were refused admittance to that building.

18. To this end ¹⁰ lengthy discussion has been avoided here.

19. He was admired not only for his technical skill, but also for his ability to attract people.

20. This information should not be ignored.

21. This unpleasant meeting is not to be avoided.

2. Переведите. Обратите внимание на то, каким падежом следует перевести подлежащее английского предложения.

1. By 1542 Negro slaves were forbidden to leave the haciendas, villages or cities after dark.

2. The preservation of an archaic literary language is greatly helped by its being at the same time a written language.

3. Tents were quickly dressed, and the knights were told to dismount from their horses.

4. This work cannot be given a high place as literature,¹¹ but it is valuable for the contemporary documents it contains.

5. This analogical tendency is to some extent ¹² aided by grammarians who prefer «regular» to «irregular» schemes.

6. Fielding's last novel «Amelia» has been admired by some even more than «Tom Jones» ¹³ probably because of the beautiful character of the heroine.

⁹ to show in — провести в дом кого-л.

¹⁰ to this end — для этого, с этой целью.

¹¹ a literature — здесь: литературное произведение. ¹² to some extent — до некоторой степени.

¹³ «Амелия», «Тон Джонс» — романы Генрн Филдинга (1707— 1754).

7. For a number of years commercial relations were kept up with Spain through Mexico, and the Dutch and the English were both permitted to establish trading factories in the South.

8. In the later history of Chinese, the use of the classifier was favoured by the increasing phonetic poverty and different classifiers served to distinguish words which were becoming homophones.

9. Esarhaddon's¹⁴ appointment had been opposed by his brothers and some district governors who incited his father against him.

 

10. Consequently expert seamen and ship's carpenters were sent out from St. Petersburg. On one hand the men were promised both worldly and spiritual rewards: wealth, promotions and imperial favour if by the Grace of Christ they would reach Kamchatka. On the other hand they were threatened with certain death if they delayed or slowed down their voyage.

11. Festivals were preceded by hunting expeditions to obtain small animals, such as rats, which were smoked and strung together to be worn as necklaces.

12. The sword in Old English times was owned (judging from finds), by only one man in twenty.