Он готов был ответить, но. . .

Он собрался ответить, но....

Примечание. Предлог about в сочетании с инфинитивом может употребляться в качестве определения: We were about to consider this problem. Мы собирались рассмотреть этот вопрос.

The problem about to be considered.........................................................

Вопрос, который собираются рассматривать,...................................

Вопрос, который будет рассмотрен здесь,...

to go, to tend + to + инфинитив — стремиться, иметь тенденцию к осуществлению какого-л. действия: быть склонным.

The author tends to show that... Автор склонен считать, что...

¹⁷ The Roman Conquest — Римское завоевание; завоевание о. Британии римскими легионами в 43 г. до н. э.

Примечание. Эти глаголы чаще всего употребляются для избежания категоричности стиля изложения и в переводе могут быть опущены:

All this goes to show that...

Все это показывает, что...

to come + to + инфинитив — начать (стать) что-л. делать, а также переводится глаголом с приставками «по-», «за-».

I have come to understand it only now. Я стал (начал) понимать это только теперь. We came to love him. Мы полюбили его.

to manage+to+инфинитив — суметь, смочь, ухитриться, удаваться что-л. сделать.

Не managed to overcome this difficulty. Ему удалось (он сумел) преодолеть эту трудность, to fail + to + инфинитив — не смочь, не суметь, не удаваться, не быть в состоянии что-л. сделать.

The author failed to show this difference. Автору не удалось показать это различие.

Примечание 1. Если существительное или местоимение, стоящее перед глаголом to fail, обозначает не лицо, то инфинитив смыслового глагола переводится с отрицательным значением:

These facts, however, fail to explain the cause of the process.

Однако эти факты не объясняют причину процесса.

Примечание 2. Существительное failure в сочетании с инфинитивом переводится: неспособность что-л. сделать, либо существительным с отрицательной приставкой:

Failure to realize this fact...

Неспособность понять этот факт...

Непонимание этого факта....

Примечание 3. Сочетание «cannot fail + инфинитив» переводится: не может не...; сочетание «could not fail + инфинитив» — не мог не... Также переводятся сочетания «cannot but, could not but + инфинитив»:

He could not fail to be influenced by this great painter.

Он не мог не оказаться под влиянием этого великого художника.

used+to+инфинитив — иметь обыкновение (обычно) при прошедшем времени:

I used to write with this pen last year.

Я (обычно) писал этой ручкой в прошлом году.

would + инфинитив — иметь обыкновение (бывало) при описаниях в прошедшем времени.

She would sit at the window for hours.

Она, бывало, часами сидела у окна. Она имела обыкновение... Она просиживала....

Для характеристики действия употребляются также и некоторые другие глаголы, например:

to set out+to+Infinitive — намереваться; to be wont+to+Infinitive — иметь обыкновение; to cease+to+Infinitive — перестать; to go on + to + Infinitive — продолжать.

11. Дайте точный перевод составного сказуемого. I

1. As the Cave Four material flowed in, it became clear that its bulk was going to surpass by far anything found in the first Gave.

2. Goethe had come to know a bookseller, Fromann by name, with whose family and friends he found it pleasant to discuss art and literature.

3. Much to our surprise the seats for the first concert were sold out in advance. But as I was about to appear on the stage, the lights suddenly went out, leaving the audience in complete darkness.

4. Being a typical denizen of Russia, where the slow agricultural tempo prevailed, Goncharov could not but be struck by the pace of life he found in England.

5. Great respect was paid (in Old English times) to the art of alliterative verse, and it was a matter at least for private shame to have to leave the feast (as Cadmon at first was wont to do) before the harp was reaching you because you were unable to sing.

6. Sinan (the ancient Arabian doctor) organized a staff of physicians who would go from place to place carrying drugs and administering relief to ailing people.

7. However, with all his deep sympathy with suffering in any shape or form, the author has somehow failed to reproduce these feelings in his work...

8. The statues which came from the quarry — to be described later — used to stand on a platform about a yard and a half across at the top of the parapet.

4 Т. Н. Мальчевская 49

9. Athens,¹⁸ though still a centre of philosophical study and thought, had ceased to be of any direct importance at that time.

10. The art of picture writing later was developed to a high degree by some American Indian tribes, who would inscribe on the bark of trees complete pictorial histories of their expeditions.

11. The force of this conclusion will be apparent in the following chapter when we come to discuss the problem of invention.

12. Then, when that cave was explored, the party would have to move on to another, perhaps hundreds of feet above or below, and start afresh.

13. This kind of attitude goes to show that certain quarters in the West are not interested in an early settlement of the issue.

14. As time passed, most of the land that was reclaimed on the frontiers gradually came to be held by a few lords. As the nation grew, these reclaimed lands eventually formed the larger part of its area. Then as a reward for service or because of some special influence at court, individuals would be given estates to hand down to their descendants.

15. Then it became clear that ten thousands of pounds were going to be required to save this fabulous library.

16. A year later (1887), Andre Antoine, an amateur actor, founded Le Theatre Libre in Paris for the production of new plays which failed to attract the Commercial Theatre managers.

 

17. The business of which he was a director was about tо crash.

18. I never managed to get there, although I spent some time in one or two of neighbouring countries.

19. The wooded hills, the infinite variety of mountain valley, of lake and harbour and sea, could not have failed tо develop in some of those people a sense of the artistic.

II

20. This chapter sets out to describe characteristics of English which are not included in the previous nine chapters.

¹⁸ Athens ['"Tinz] — Афины.

21. By the middle of the nineteenth century the nation was ripe for change. Rumours of dissatisfaction and unrest were beginning to be heard. Some revolution was seemingly about to take place.

22. This region does not consist of large, smoky industrial towns such as one finds in the West of England, but of widely scattered market towns in which the wooden industry has managed to survive.

23. In my own country — Sweden — the house snake was extremely common, and only a few years ago there died a farmer of whom I know that he was wont to offer milk to the house snakes.

24. Sergey Gorodetsky writes that Khlebnikov would give his manuscripts to anyone who wanted them.

25. The author traces briefly the history of Japanese poetry in the Nara period, and then goes on to speak of the more recent poets.

26. Hugh ¹⁹ sent an embassy of twenty four knights to inform the governor that he was about to arrive and repeat his demand for a suitable reception.

12. При переводе обратите внимание на значение глагола to fail +инфинитив и существительного failure + инфинитив.

1. The knight now attempted to unsheath the sword in his belt, but his arm failed to obey his will, and he fell to the ground.

2. Wilde's ²⁰ theory of life was not a deep one, and his plays are consequently a little artificial, and, as before mentioned, fail especially in character-drawing.

3. The stone artifacts ²¹ fail to show any consistency pattern of fracturing and could easily have been produced by one or more natural forces.

4. He (Dickens) sometimes failed as an artist, but the greater part of his work is sound in this respect.

5. Failure to realize this fact has led to many extravagant claims made by some enthusiasts.

6. These studies could not fail to throw light upon many an aspect of history and archaeology, but their im-

¹⁹ Hugh ['hju:] — Гуг, имя рыцаря-крестоносца.

²⁰ Wilde — Оскар Уайлд.

²¹ artifacts — предметы, изделия.

mediate interest lay in what they told about human speech.

7. After his failure to relieve Nicae ²² the sultan had withdrawn eastward to gather his own force and to conclude peace and alliance with the Emir.

8. No one, examining the evidence of Greek failure, cultural and social-political, can fail to perceive how closely the two aspects are interwoven.

13. При переводе обратите внимание на значения глагола to use+инфинитив в зависимости от выполняемой им функции.

1. The men used to wear nothing but a wide belt of beaten bark.

2. The pictures which the Egyptians used to record events and to express ideas are called hyeroglyphics.

3. The children used to like sliding down the sides of volcanoes on tobbogans.

4. Once all ships used to come up the river to the ancient city, but now no ship whatever comes, and the tradesmen have gone away, and their wooden dwellings have been pulled down.

5. The same tendency to use the novel as a means of instruction or admonition has been used of late years by many authors.

6. When capitalism was still a progressive force, bourgeois thinkers used to believe that people could know more and more about the real world, and so control natural forces.

7. The signs used to indicate the tones are the very simple ones.

Инфинитив в функции второго дополнения. После некоторых глаголов в английском следуют два прямых дополнения; одно из них выражается существительным или местоимением, второе — инфинитивом. Чаще всего такие конструкции переводятся придаточным дополнительным предложением с союзами «что», «чтобы».

Два прямых дополнения обычно принимают следующие глаголы:

to order — приказывать

²² Nicae — Никея, город.

to make to cause to force to induce to bring to compel to get to have to lead to let

заставлять, способствовать (тому, чтобы...), побуждать, делать так, чтобы...

to allow — позволять

to enable — давать возможность

Примечание 1. Инфинитив после глаголов to make и to have употребляется без частицы to:

We made Mm return.

Мы заставили его вернуться.

Если глагол to make употребляется в страдательном залоге, то после него инфинитив употребляется с частицей to:

Не was made to return.

Его заставили вернуться.

Примечание 2. Глагол to cause + дополнение (не лицо) + инфинитив страдательного залога переводится «служить (быть) причиной того, что...»:

The earthquake caused these layers to be removed.

Землетрясение послужило причиной того, что эти слои сдвинулись (сместились).

Примечание 3. Глагол to allow + дополнение + инфинитив страдательного залога переводится «позволить (разрешить)» + русский инфинитив действительного залога+дополнение:

The chief of the expedition allowed the tents to be set up on the slope.

Начальник экспедиции разрешил поставить палатки на склоне.

Глагол to enable + дополнение + инфинитив страдательного залога переводится таким же образом:

This enabled all the corrections to be made in time.

Это дало возможность сделать все поправки вовремя.

Упражнение

14. При переводе обратите внимание на глаголы, стоящие перед инфинитивом.

I

1. Esarhaddon, in accordance with Assyrian custom made the suppliants pay dearly for the help given them, for tribute and takes were imposed on their cities.

2. The American Indians, particularly the Plain Tribes, had a system of gestures or sign-language that enabled members of different tribes, speaking totally different languages, to communicate with one another, and also with the white man,

3. His acts of violence had caused him to be bitterly hated by the natives who surrounded him.

4. Between the Coral islands in the Tuamotu Archipelago, Magellan ordered his sounding line to be lowered.

5. The use of the Chinese written characters, which required a different sign for each word, was made easier by introducing signs for syllables. This helped to make the written language conform more nearly to everyday speech.

6. The alteration of the position of the accent had caused another change in pronounciation to take place, namely, the change of the vowel into [э] in the second syllable.

7. In this part of the tool there is an irregularly made hole of a size large enough to allow a strong cord to pass through for the purpose of suspension.

8. Some opponents of that school would have us believe that the historical studies were simply disguised theorising.

9. The warm climate and the mild temperature of this part of the country caused man in Early Palaeolithic time, to prefer stations in the open, and so he encamped on the lower slopes of hills, or on the sandy shores of rivers.

10. This author unites the Basque in one group with the African and the Semitic languages, making the Caucasian languages to form a second branch.

II

11. This porosity, added to the unbroken violence of the winds, makes all the trees planted on the island lead so hard a life; the only chance for them is huddling together.

12. In as far as ²³ this text will help to an increased understanding of the relation between king and people and of the political thought of the Assyrians, it will enable the

²³ in as far as — поскольку, настолько 54

debt owed them by succeeding civilization to be more clearly appreciated.

13. The greatest contribution of Coleridge's Shakespearian criticism is his continual insistence that every work of art must be judged by its own organic laws. If this sometimes led him to explain away Shakespeare's faults or to ascribe them to another hand, it also led him to recognize qualities which earlier critics had missed.

14. In this part of the land it is the universal practice to allow the land to lie fallow for at least two years after a single crop has been raised, while crops are raised from other lands.

15. Like many other hypersensitive children, this boy could not, or would not, bring himself to ask for those books, and his conscience prevented him from reading them on the sly.²⁴

16. At the same time maritime importance of the Dutch caused a great many Dutch nautical terms and other Dutch words to be borrowed by English.

17. Madness of jealousy in Othello causes its possessor to destroy the woman who represents everything in the world for him.

18. He loved to perform such experiments as the one in which liquids of various colours are made to form different layers in a single vessel.

19. Most specimens were either carved or impressed with characters giving the name of a place or person, leading us to believe they were produced in professional workshops.

20. When the king heard that the awful dragon was outside his very gates, demanding food, he had his servants give the beast two sheep a day (a legend).

21. It is said that in 1219 Bishop Richard Poore ordered an arrow to be shot from the heights of Old Sarum and where it fell ho built Salisbury Cathedral as we see it now.

ИНФИНИТИВНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ

Инфинитивный оборот, вводимый предлогом for (for-phrase). В этом обороте предлог for + существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в объектном падеже

²⁴ on the sly — исподтишка, тайком,

и инфинитив с to образуют единое смысловое целое, где инфинитив выражает действие, субъектом которого является существительное или местоимение.

for + smth/smb + to + инфинитив

For the man to enter

For everybody to see

(субъект действия

инфинитива)

Такие обороты переводятся на русский язык придаточным предложением, подлежащим которого становится субъект действия, а сказуемым — инфинитив. Тип придаточного предложения зависит от функции, выполняемой оборотом в предложении. Чаще всего оборот употребляется в функции обстоятельства. В таком случае придаточное предложение вводится союзом «чтобы (для того, чтобы)»:

For this material to be published this year you must have it typed as soon as possible.

Для того чтобы этот материал был опубликован в этом году, вам нужно как можно скорее перепечатать его на машинке.

Оборот с for выступает также в функции других членов предложения:

There isn't enough time for the material to be published this year.

Недостаточно времени для того, чтобы материал был опубликован в этом году (обстоятельство следствия).

It is quite possible for this material to be published very soon.

Вполне возможно, что этот материал будет очень

скоро опубликован (часть составного сказуемого).

The main problem is for this material to be published as soon as possible.

Основная задача состоит в том, чтобы этот материал был как можно скорее опубликован (именная часть сказуемого).

Не asked for the documents to be sent to him by post.

Он просил, чтобы ему переслали документы почтой (прямое дополнение).

The only conclusion for him to draw was the following.

Единственный вывод, который он мог сделать, был следующий (определение).

For his thesis to be published this year is out of the question.

He может быть и речи о том, чтобы его диссертация была опубликована в этом году (подлежащее).

Если оборот выступает как часть составного модального сказуемого, то в русском переводе добавляются слова «должен», «следует»:

This is for the reader to judge. Об этом должен судить читатель.

Упражнение

1. Обратите внимание на перевод оборота «for + существительное + инфинитив».

1. It is possible for a word to consist of only one sound, as when you say «a» in «a house».

2. Arrangements were also made for large numbers of books to be made available in that reading-room.

3. He examined the problem and decided that the only solution was for him to return to the order of his old life.

4. When the Heathen king of Kent Ethelbert, heard of Augustin's landing with some forty companions he sent orders for them not to move off Thanet.

5. Suddenly the painter appeared at the door of the studio, and made signs for the visitors to come in.

6. It is less easy for a common language to make its way in a country like Germany which for centuries was politically subdivided and which had no capital.

7. Here, it seems to me, is another very obvious and vital point ²⁵ for a specialist to explain.

8. It is well known, for example, that with people who have often discussed some subject together a few words are enough for them mutually to understand some very complex point, which it would take many words for them to explain to an outsider.

9. It must be almost unheard of for a play to be performed at separate places under completely different titles.

point — здесь: вопрос.

10. For tattooing to be perfect when the subject²⁶ reached adulthood, it had to be started early, generally at the age of eight.

11. The really important conclusion for us to reach is that chance has played an extraordinary part in the survival of the written and graphic evidence of the period under investigation.²⁷

12. The normal way in which culture continues is for one generation of a society to transmit its culture to the next generation.

13. I also believe that the general system and terminology indicated briefly in chapter I has enabled to state many grammatical facts more clearly than has hitherto been possible. But of this is for others to judge.

14. Though in natural circumstances each race retains its own language, it is possible for a people to abandon its own tongue and to take another, and it is also possible for foreigners to be absorbed in large numbers without any perceptible effect upon the speech.

15. But the exceptions here are too numerous for any rule to be stated.

16. Even in the second century trade was not sufficiently organized for the rural hamlets to be supplied with raw iron from centralized foundries.

17. It is impossible for an author, and it would be impossible for the whole body of writers, to alter at will the prevalent type of sentence-articulation.

18. However, for any empirical data to contribute much to an understanding of a complex phenomenon like the learning of a second language, they need to be related to a fairly comprehensive formulation of theory.

Оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» (инфинитив в сложном дополнении – Complex Object). Оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» употребляется после определенных глаголов и представляет собой сложное дополнение, состоящее из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже и инфинитива. Инфинитив обозначает действие, а существительное или местоимение — субъект этого действия:

²⁶ subject — человек, член племени.

²⁷ under investigation — исследуемый.

I wish my sister to help me.

Я хочу, чтобы моя сестра помогла мне.

I saw him get off the bus.

Я видел, как он вышел из автобуса.

Оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» переводится дополнительным придаточным предложением с союзами «что», «чтобы», «как». При переводе существительное или местоимение становится подлежащим, а инфинитив — сказуемым русского придаточного предложения.

При переводе следует обращать внимание на форму предшествующего глагола и на форму самого инфинитива.

Infinitive Indefinite переводится глаголом в настоящем или прошедшем времени, Infinitive Perfect — прошедшем временем глагола.

После глаголов to expect, to hope инфинитив в большинстве случаев переводится будущим временем:

We expect this book to appear on sale very soon. Мы ожидаем, что эта книга очень скоро появится в продаже.

С оборотом «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» употребляются следующие глаголы:

 

to desire	--- желать, хотеть	to expect	— ожидать, предполагать
to hate	— очень не хотеть	to hold	— считать
to intend	— предполагать	to imagine	— воображать, представлять себе
to like	— нравиться, любить	to judge	— считать
to mean	— полагать	to know	— знать
should (would) like	— хотел бы	to prove	— доказывать, показывать
to want	— хотеть	to reckon	— считать
to wish	— желать, хотеть	to suppose	— предполагать
to assume	-- считать, полагать	to show	— показывать
to believe	-- полагать	to think	— думать, полагать
to consider	— считать
to estimate	— считать

После следующих глаголов инфинитив в обороте употребляется без частицы tо:

to feel ----- чувствовать

to hear — слышать

to notice — замечать to observe — наблюдать to perceive — ощущать to see — видеть

to watch — наблюдать

Упражнение

2. Обратите внимание на перевод оборота объектный падеж с инфинитивом».

1. Historians suppose the name «London» to come from two Celtic words.

2. We sincerely wish good relations to be established between our two countries, — said one of the delegates.

3. In Middle Ages people believed the earth to be the centre of the Universe.

4. We know Australia to be the only continent situated in the southern hemisphere.

5. First we thought the small island to be uninhabited.

6. Presently we saw him emerge from the station, cross the street and disappear into the building.

7. At the Central Station, from behind a convenient pile of luggage the men watched the train come in.

8. The whole problem is so important that I would like you to go over the facts once more.

II

9. It was explained that, although several authorities had included the Melanesian languages in the Malay-Polynesian family, Leenhardt thought them to be a separate family.

10. All other indications showed death to have taken place slightly later than the approximate time put in the report.

11. It is a carefully prepared essay which proves its author to be a man of cultivation, taste, imagination, education and refinement.

12. We often hear people complain that the materialists seek to reduce everything in the world, including life and mind, to a system of soulless mechanisms. This refers to mechanistic materialism.

13. Ever since I was a child I have watched and helped the men of my clan make their weapons.

14. That language (German) which in Goethe and his contemporaries had achieved the highest excellence of precision of flexibility, we have seen in our time under the nazis reach the very depths to which a language can possibly descend.

15. Supposing this conjecture to be well-founded, these objects acquire a peculiar interest as representing in a certain degree the actual work of the inhabitants.

16. In short, an examination of the sources of the Modern English vocabulary shows beyond the possibility of contradiction the once prevalent notion that all modern European words were derived from roots equally old, and could be traced back to a single ancestral tongue, to be a mistake induced by a superficial uniformity presented by languages to their speakers.

Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» (инфинитив в составном глагольном сказуемом – Complex Subject). Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» образуется из подлежащего (существительного или местоимения) и сложного сказуемого, состоящего из глагола в личной форме и инфинитива.

 

Подлежащее a) You б) The book

Сказуемое seem to know German. is said to be very interesting.

Особенность оборота состоит в том, что действие, выражаемое инфинитивом, относится к подлежащему, а стоящий перед ним глагол указывает на отношение к этому действию со стороны говорящего или вообще неуказанного лица.

При переводе на русский язык английское подлежащее переводится подлежащим, инфинитив — сказуемым, а глагол в личной форме — неопределенно-личным предложением:

а) Вы, кажется, знаете немецкий язык.

б) Говорят, что книга очень интересная (Книга, как говорят, очень интересная).

Как и в предыдущем случае, этот оборот употребляется лишь после определенных глаголов. Число глаголов, после которых употребляется оборот, ограничено, и их можно разделить на три группы.

]. Глаголы, употребляемые в действительном залоге;

 

to seem	— казаться
to appear	-- казаться, ло-
to prove to turn out to come out to happen to chance	видимому > — оказываться | — случаться, > случайно
	J оказаться,
	доводиться

11. Глаголы, употребляемые в страдательном залоге

to believe — полагать, считать	to say — говорить
to suppose — предполагать, полагать	to show - показывать
to think — считать, полагать	to report — сообщать
to consider to hold >— считать to take	to announce — объявлять
to assume -- допускать, предполагать	to state — утверждать, констатировать
to know — знать (известно)	to claim - утверждать, считать
to intend — иметь в виду, предполагать	to hold — считать
to mean — полагать, считать	to suffer — терпеть, допускать (чтобы)
to expect — ожидать, полагать, предполагать	to pronounce — объявлять, провозглашать
to estimate — подсчитывать	to find обнаруживать, оказываться
to prove ^28 — Доказывать	to see — видеть
	to observe — наблюдать
	to feel — чувствовать, ощущать

 

III. Составные глаголы:

to be likely — вероятно, может быть

²⁸ Значение глагола to prove в обороте зависит от употребления его в действительном или страдательном залоге; ср.:

Не proved to be right. — Оказалось, что он прав.

Не was proved to be right. — Доказали (было доказано), что on прав.

to be not likely — маловероятно,

не может быть

to be unlikely — вряд ли, едва ли to be sure — конечно, несомненно

to be certain — наверное, обязательно

При переводе необходимо учитывать время глагола, стоящего перед инфинитивом; ср.:

Не is considered to be... Считают, что он... Не was considered to be... Считали, что он..., —

а также форму инфинитива. Infinitive Indefinite и Continuous переводится сказуемым в настоящем времени, a Infinitive Perfect и Perfect Continuous — сказуемым в прошедшем времени; ср.:

Не is said to go to Moscow. Говорят, что он едет в Москву. Не is said to have gone to Moscow. Говорят, что он уехал в Москву.

Примечание. После глагола to expect (to be likely) инфинитив обычно переводится будущим временем: Не is expected to come tomorrow. Ожидают, что он приедет завтра.

Упражнение

5. Переведите, обращая внимание на время глагола и форму инфинитива.

1. Engle, Saxon and Jute are considered to belong to the same Low German branch of the Teutonic family.

2. Historians appear to know but little of his life.

3. In Tacitus chronicles the Germans are reported to be people ploughing their fields.

4. «The Jumping Frog» by Mark Twain is said to have pleased its author best of all he wrote in that style.

5. Such places were held to be frequented by evil spirits.

6. The religion of the English is stated to be the same as that of the whole German family.

7. The bulk of the people is said to have dwelt along the middle Elbe and on the Weser.

8. The name of Jutes happens to be still preserved in their district of Jutland.

9. A number of German tribes appears to have drawn together into the people of Saxons. These are known to have made the land between the Elba and the Ems their homeland.

 

10. The Island of Britain is known, to have been revealed to the Roman world by Julius Caesar in the year 55 В. С.

11. The peoples of all ancient civilizations are known to have made maps.

12. Tiw, the dark God, to meet whom was death, is supposed to have lent his name to Tuesday.

13. Great changes are expected to take place in the economies of these small countries in the near future.

14. Coal has been known to exist in India since 1772, and is said to have been worked as far back as 1775.

15. In 1611 Shakespeare appears to have retired to Stratford for good.²⁹

16. Latin was supposed to be the only language worthy of study, and it was studied for a practical end.³⁰

Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» с модальным глаголом. Модальный глагол в этой конструкции обычно переводится неопределенно-личным предложением:

Our story may be said to begin here.

Можно сказать, что наш рассказ начинается здесь.

Can be said — Можно сказать, что...

Cannot be said — Нельзя сказать, что...

Упражнения

4. Переведите, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и отрицания.

1. As regards ³¹ the sound of words, we may almost be said to speak one language and to write another.

2. There is one important class of words to which our analysis does not seem to be applicable: proper nouns.

²⁹ for good — навсегда, совсем.

³⁰ for... end — c... целью.

³¹ as regards -— что касается (в начале предложения).

3. These plays cannot be said to represent an unqualified advance.

4. Neither of the parties ³² can be said to have inified or planned their actions.

5. Four departments of the British Museum might justly be considered to constitute the British National Library.

6. The individuality which characterises any tongue may be said to consist of those general features, which distinguish it from other tongues.

7. In this broad sense of the term all the literature of the early nineteenth century may be said to be a product of Romanticism.

8. If this can be shown to be true, it would greatly improve our understanding of the original code.

Оборот «именительный с инфини-тивом» в о п р e д е л и т е л ь н о м придаточном пре д л о ж е н и и. Если оборот стоит в определительном придаточном предложении (которые начинаются словами which, that, who, а также бывают бессоюзными), то инфинитив переводится как сказуемое соответствующего русского определительного придаточного, а глагол в личной форме, стоящий перед инфинитивом, — как вводное безличное предложение типа: «как известно», «как полагают» и т. тт.:

Then conies a group of ballads which are known to date

from the 14th century.

Затем идет ряд баллад, которые, как известно, восходят к XIV столетию.

Оборот «причастие II от глаголов типа to think + инфинитив» и оборот «прилагательное likely+инфинитив». Иногда определительное придаточное предложение отсутствует и инфинитив стоит после причастия II от глаголов указанного типа или слова likely, выполняющих функцию определения. Перевод в этом случае не отличается от перевода определительного придаточного, причем слово likely переводится как вводное «вероятно», а инфинитив после него -- чаще всего сказуемым в будущем времени:

Now let us turn to the words likely to have taken their origin in Latin.

³² parties — здесь: (враждующие) стороны.

5 Т.Н. Мальчевская 65

Теперь обратимся к словам, которые, вероятно, произошли из латинского (языка).

Now we shall describe some objects thought to belong to this class.

Теперь опишем некоторые предметы, которые, как полагают, относятся к этому классу.

Упражнения

5. Переведите. I

1. The place of discovery was a hall which appears to have been the king's throne-room.

2. In the fifth century A. D. the one country that is known to have borne the name Angeln or England lay in the district now called Sleswick.

3. By far ³³ the greatest of this school of dramatists is Marlow who may well ⁸⁴ be said to have prepared the way for Shakespeare.

4. All the mental functions and activities which are said to be products of mind as distinct from ³⁵ matter, are products of matter.

5. If details remain in which we disagree, they hardly can affect the general picture of this art that our different works will be found to contain.

6. Such ideas are, however, unscientific. Why? Because they assert that the processes they are supposed to be investigating take place without any cause.

II

7. This is one of the oldest roads in England, believed indeed to be prehistoric.

8. Cult-objects may also be identified by the peculiar form, known from other sources to belong exclusively to some group of cultic equipment.

9. Japan had the drama, said in its very beginning to have been associated with its religion.

³³ by far — несомненно.

³⁴ well после may, might — вполне.

³⁵ as distinct from — в отличие от.

10. The Classical Scholar will appreciate that the civilization, reputed to have furnished Greece with many myths, was very ancient and very real.