Hidden danger - прихована загроза

 

 

TOWARD THE FUTURE

1. Each new idea, each new development in science leads to many others. New inventions appear and quickly make. hundreds of existing devices and procedures obsolete An example is the laser - light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

2. Thirty years ago, the laser was an idea of Charles H.Townes. Today, the intense, directional, coherent energy of a laser beam is used to cut diamonds and steel. As surgical tools, lasers are used to repair damaged eyes and cut away brain tumors. By focusing enormous energy on a very small area, lasers,can trigger unusual chemical reactions. Because laser light does not spread and scatter like ordinary light, laser beam can carry information over tremendous distances. Laser light has been beamed from the earth to the moon and back again.

3. Each new major development in science and technology provides benefits for vast numbers of people But each development can also disrupt people's lives by making existing systems and procedures obsolete.

4. New developments can also have dangerous side effects The development of nuclear power, pesticides and the plastics industry introduced serious hazards into the environment American scientists, policymakers and concerned citizens are now aware that new developments can have hidden dangers. Therefore, part of any scientific effort to develop new products includes an effort to detect, prevent or control any hazards.

VIII. Прочитайте 4-й абзац тексту та дайте письмову відповідь на запитання:

What dangerous side effects can new developments have?

КОНТРОЛЬНЕ ЗАВДАННЯ № 4

Для того, щоб виконати завдання № 4, необхідно засвоїти наступні розділи курсу англійської мови за рекомендованим посібником.

1. Умовні речення.

2. Об'єктні та суб'єктні інфінітивні комплекси" залежні та незалежні дієприкметникові звороти.

3. Складні форми інфінітива та дієприкметника.

Після вивчення зазначеного матеріалу приступайте до виконання вправ. Використовуйте зразки виконання вправ.

Зразок виконання 1 (до вправи І)

1. We want this method to be applied at their plant.

Ми бажаємо, щоб цей метод використовувався на їхньому заводі.

2. This method is reported to be applied at their plant. Повідомляють, що цей метод використовується на їхньому заводі

 

Зразок виконання 2 (до вправи II)

1. Having dona a given number of operations, the machine stopped automatically.

Виконавши задану кількість операцій, машина автоматично зупинилась

2. A given number of operations having been done, the machine stopped automatically

Після того, як була виконана задана кількість операцій, машина автоматично зупинилась.

3. The installation was automatized last year. Its capacity rising by 25 per cent

Ця установка була автоматизована в минулому році, причому її продуктивність зросла на 25 %.

Зразок виконання 3 (до вправи III)

1. If this machine were Installed at the plant, labour productivity would increase considerably.

Якби ця машина була встановлена на заваді, продуктивність праці значно збільшилась би.

2. !f the new technology had not been Introduced, labour productivity would not have bean raised.

Якби не була застосована нова технологія, продуктивність праці не зросла б

КОНТРОЛЬНЕ ЗАВДАННЯ №4

Варіант 1

I Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть на українську мову наступні речення, беручи до уваги те, що англійські об'єктний і суб'єктний інфінітивні комплекси переважно відповідають українським додатковим підрядним реченням:

1. New kinds of computers are expected to perform calculations with great

precision.

2. We want this machinery to be used at our shop.

3. Under these conditions the output of the plant is likely to increase.

II Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть на українську мову ступні речення, враховуючи відмінності в перекладі залежного І «залежного дієприкметникових зворотів:

1. Having used a laser beam, scientists obtained the accurate calculation of Jupiter's temperature.

 

2. The engineers of our Institute having developed a new type of semiconductor laser, it was tested at several plants.

3. All machines that have been built by man have some energy "loss", this energy being converted into useless heat due to friction.

III Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть на українську мову наступні складні речення, що містять підрядні речення умови:

1. If a free electric field set up between positive and negative electrodes, the negatively charged electron would be attracted to the positive electrode.

2. If we had tested this material, we should have used it in our construction.

IV Прочитайте і усно перекладіть з 1-го по 3-й абзаци тексту, перепишіть та письмово перекладіть на українську мову 1-й і 2-й абзаци тексту:

Пояснення до тексту:

Evaporation — випаровування

Percolation - фільтрація

Vapour - пара

Contain -містити

Purify - очищати

WATER

1. Water is employed for countless purposes by man and it is subjected to most striking phenomena. All the water on the earth passes through a remarkable cycle of changes, which involves, evaporation from the ocean, seas, lakes etc; condensation in the upper regions of the atmosphere; percolation of the rain water through the soil, and the collection of the spring and surface waters by the streams and rivers which carry it back to the sea.

2. Water is purified by distillation The water is boiled in a flask or boiler and the steam is condensed back to the liquid condition by passing through a tube, about which a continual stream of cold water is flowing At ordinary temperatures water is a clear liquid. It forms a crystalline solid - ice, at a temperature below 0 under atmospheric pressure, and it forms a gas steam, at a temperature above 100 Steam or water vapour is a colourless gas, which condenses to a visible cloud of small particles when ft comes in contact with the atmosphere In a chemical sense all natural waters are to some degree impure Even rainwater, which is the purest form, contains solid matter both organic and mineral obtained by washing out soot and wind-raised dust from the air.

3. All waters obtained from the earth whether from the surface or the lower depths contain dissolved substances taken up from the rocks and solids with which they have been in contact Water from very low levels as from deeply bored wells, is likely to contain larger quantities of dissolved

 

 

substances than surface water, because of the great mass of rock through which 11 has percolated In general, waters from regions of granite, sand, stone and clay formations contain much toss dissolved mineral matter than from limestone regions.

V Прочитайте 3-й абзац тексту і питання до нього. З наведених варіантів відповіді вкажіть номер речення, що містить правильну відповідь на поставлене питання:

What do all waters obtained from the Earth contain?

1. They contain dissolved substances taken up from the rocks and solids with which they have been in contact.

2. They contain solid matter obtained by washing out soot and wind-raised dust from the air.

КОНТРОЛЬНЕ ЗАВДАННЯ № 4

Варіант 2

І Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть на українську мову наступні речення, беручи до уваги те, що англійські об'єктний та суб'єктний інфінітивні комплекси переважно відповідають українським підрядним реченням:

1. We know Ukraine to increase the output of power by erecting hydro­electric power-stations.

2. The plant is expected to manufacture new trucks next year.

3. The engineer is known to have made the experiment with these substances.

II Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть на українську мову наступні речення, враховуючи відмінності в перекладі залежного ти незалежного дієприкметникових зворотів:

1. The article deals with microwaves, particular attention being paid to radio location.

2. Technique having reached a high stage of development new methods of work became possible.

3. Having discovered rich deposits of iron ore the people began to construct an iron and steel works in this district.

III Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть на українську мову наступні речення, що містять підрядні речення умови:

1. If the geologist used the necessary instruments, the measurement would be correct

2. If the operator's cabin had been equipped with remote control (дистанційне керування) he would have been able to work faster and with greater precision.

 

IV. Прочитайте та усно перекладіть текст. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть з 1-го по 4-й абзаци тексту. Пояснення до тексту:

switchover - перемикач via — через

conventional - загальноприйнятий redundant - надмірний

COMMUNICATIONS THROUGH LIGHT CONDUCTORS

1. Physicists and chemists developed the technology for making fibre glass light conductors, semiconductors, light sources and receivers, and the ways of injecting light into the conductors. Radio specialists developed very sound methods of introducing information into the light beam, and of transforming light signals into electric ones.

2. The electronic equipment used in modem cable communication lines enables the switchover to transmit information via light conducting cables to be done comparatively easily For example, to turn a conventional cable TV system into a light conducting system, all that has to be done is to replace the coaxial copper cable with light conducting cable and make slight adjustment in the transmitting and receiving equipment. At the transmission end, the electrical signal has to be transformed into a light signal and the process reversed in the receiver.

3. In outward appearance, a light conducting cable is not different from a conventional cable with a polymer coating. But their cross sections are different. First, there are no metal screens in the light conducting cable. They are redundant, because light conductors are not afraid of electromagnetic interference. Inside the cable there are from two to several dozens very thin glass fibres. Each can transmit fantastic volumes of information - dozens of TV programmes and thousands of telephone conversations.

4. And the intervals between the electronic signal regenerators can be increased up to 50-100 km instead of 1.5-5 km with copper cables. This considerably reduces the number of signal regenerators, mates the building and exploiting of communication lines cheaper and simpler, cuts the mass of cables by over 90 per cent.

5. Quartz filaments of exceptionally high transparency have been developed in our country. Light can travel three kms over them without loosing even half of its intensity. The signals can be transmitted via these conductors to distances of up to 30 km practically without distortions.

V Прочитайте 5-й абзац тексту та питання до нього. З наведених варіантів відповіді вкажіть номер речення, яка має правильну

відповідь:

What Is one oft/те main advantages of light conductors?

 

1. The light conductors can be done comparatively easily.

2. They are light.

3. The signals can be transmitted through them to great distances without distortions

КОНТРОЛЬНЕ ЗАВДАННЯ № 4

Варіант З

I Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть на українську мову наступні речення, беручи до уваги те, що англійські об'єктні та суб'єктні інфінітивні комплекси переважно відповідають українським підрядним додатковим реченням:

1. These scientific discoveries are known to be applied in industry and agriculture.

2. This type of engine is said to have some advantages.

3. We know all bodies to consist of atoms.

II Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть на українську мову наступні речення, звертаючи увагу на переклад залежного та самостійного дієприкметникових зворотів:

1. Having done a number of calculations, our astronomers have shown that the basic mass of the galaxies is concentrated outside their visible part

2. A simple laboratory experiment demonstrating this principle is shown in Fig. 29

3. Ordinary light entering a crystal of tourmaline, the phenomenon of "selective absorption" takes place.

III Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть на українську мову наступні складні речення, що містять підрядні речення умови:

1. If the computer's electronic memory had recorded all the operator's commands, the picture of deviations from the required parameters would have been produced.

2. If biological experiments are continued, the problem of developing the technology for growing plants in space conditions will be solved.

IV Прочитайте та усно перекладіть з 1-го по 5-й абзаци тексту. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть 1-й, 2-й, 3-й та 4-ий абзаци:

Пояснення до тексту:

The Earth's crust - земна кора

Moderate — помірний

Fluctuation - коливання, нестійкість

Alter — змінювати

Surface - поверхня

 

 

EARTH

1. The science of study of the Earth has made particular progress in recent years. It has developed into a large group of individual sciences, closely related and oriented towards the study of the Earth's crust and its upper mantle, and their composition - particularly that of the Earth's crust which is a source of minerals.

2. The study of the world's oceans and the geology of their biological resources, the physics of the sea and physics of the atmosphere, the study of natural resources, their conservation use have developed on a vast scale.

3. The Earth, the fifth largest planet of the solar system, the third in order from the Sun, and the only one positively known to support life consists essentially of a nearly spherical mass of more or less solid rock. It has sufficient gravitational attraction because of its mass to hold a substantial atmosphere, because of its distance from the Sun, its rotation, and the nature of the atmosphere, its temperatures are moderate, with relatively minor fluctuations.

4. Solar heat, without which the Earth would be a frozen and lifeless world, powers the Hydro-logic Cycle, which makes water continuously available to living things over most of the planet's surface and, through the process of erosion, keeps working changes constantly on and in the crust. This crust, with its broad variety of topographical forms and chemical composition, is being altered further by thrusting, folding, faulting, and uplift or subsidence of its parts, as well as by volcanic action resulting from the planet's internal heat.

5. Although little is precisely known about the Earth's interior, seismic evidence indicates, too, physical activity is continuous. The' Earth seems unique among the planets in the variety of its characteristics and of the processes occurring over, on, and beneath its surface.

V Прочитайте 5-й абзац тексту та дайте письмову відповідь на наступне питання:

What does seismic evidence Indicate?

КОНТРОЛЬНЕ ЗАВДАННЯ № 4

Варіант 4

I Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть на українську мову наступні речення, беручи до уваги те, що англійські об'єктний та суб'єктний інфінітивні комплекси переважно відповідають українським підрядним реченням:

1. The designer expected the computer to perform ten thousand operations per second.

2. They didn't happen to overcome such difficulties.

3. My new design is likely to be a failure.

II Перепишіть, та письмово перекладіть на українську мову наступні речення, враховуючи відмінності у перекладі залежного та незалежного дієприкметникових зворотів:

1. Raising the quality of products is a serious problem facing agriculture.

2. Space research is being developed rapidly in our country, automation being widely used.

3. Weather permitting, our expedition will start at the appointed time.

III Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть на українську мову наступні речення, що містять підрядні речення умови:

1. If new equipment had been installed at the plant, labour productivity would have increased considerably.

2. If the electric car were used instead of the conventional car, we should have simple and reliable design, no exhaust fumes and less noise.

IV Прочитайте текст. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть 1-й, 3- й, 4-й, 5-й абзаци тексту:

Пояснення до тексту:

Installment - черговий внесок

Hire-purchase - купівля е кредит

Trade - торгівля

Interest - відсоток

Income - прибуток

Payment - виплата, платіж

HIRE-PURCHASE

1. This system of buying goods became very common during the first half of the twentieth century. Today a large proportion of ail the families in the U.K. buy furniture, household goods and cars by hire-purchase. In the USA the proportion is much higher People there spend over ten per cent of their income on it.

2. The goods bought by hire-purchase are almost always goods that will be used long: radio and television sets, washing machines, refrigerators, cars, motor-cycles, articles of furniture, flats and houses

3. The price of an article bought in this way is always higher than the price that would be paid for cash. There із a charge for interest. The customer pays a proportion, perhaps one-quarter or one-third, of the price when the goods are delivered to him. He then makes regular payments, weekly or monthly, until the final payment is made.

 

 

4. Hire-purchase has advantages and disadvantages. It Increases the demand for goods, and in this way helps trade and employment. If you were a newly- married couple with small income, hire-purchase would help you to buy a house or a flat and furnish it. If families made regular payments for goods they had bought, they would spend less money in useless or harmful ways, for example, on alcoholic drinks or drugs.

5. There is, however, the danger that when trade is bad, hire-purchase buying may stop suddenly and make trade, unemployment increasing as well. That is why in some countries the government controls hire-purchase by fixing the proportion of the first payments and the installments.

V Прочитайте 2-й абзац та дайте відповідь на запитання: What goods can be bought by hire-purchase?

КОНТРОЛЬНЕ ЗАВДАННЯ Nв 4

Варіант 5

І Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть на українську мову наступні речення, беручи до уваги те. що англійські об'єктний та суб'єктний інфінітивні комплекси переважно відповідають українським підрядним реченням:

1. The new system of automatic control is likely to be used in the near future.

2. We know Lomonosov to discover the atmosphere on Venus

3. This type of engine is said to have some advantages

II Перепишіть та письмову перекладіть на українську мову наступні речення, враховуючи відмінності в перекладі залежного та незалежного дієприкметникових зворотів:

1. Having made a great many observations during their flights, the cosmonauts fulfilled their programme.

2. Ukraine expends cultural contacts with all countries, this being one of the traditional principles of our state.

3. Not having done the work in time I had to apologize to the manager-

III Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть на українську мову наступні речення, що містять підрядні речення умови:

1. Had there been better conditions, the construction would have been finished earlier.

2. If the young researchers applied the new progressive methods of work, they would obtain better results.

IV Прочитайте та усно перекладіть текст. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть з 1-го по 3- й абзаци тексту:

 

Пояснення до тексту:

Code of law — зведення законів

Jury — присяжні

Barrister - адвокат

B.C. - до нашої ери

А.С - нашої ери

LAW

1. One of the earliest systems of — law we have knowledge of is the collection of laws known as Code of Hammurabi, the Babylonian king, which was carved in stone about 1900 B.C. and can be — seen in the British Museum in London. Another early code is the code of Hebrew (aw contained in the Bible

2. In Greece each city-state had its own law Some laws were common to many states such as the laws relating to family life. From the seventh century В C the Greeks began to put their laws into writing About 564 B.C. the famous Athenian Solon published a new code of law The Athenians did not consider it necessary to have legal experts for non-criminal cases. In a civil case the verdict was given by a jury which might number anything from 201 to 2.500 The members of the jury listened to speeches made by the persons who had brought the case before them and by their friends Barristers were not allowed but speeches were sometimes prepared by professional speech writers.

3. Roman law is one of the greatest systems that has ever existed. It was based upon custom and by 528 A.D. the quantity of Roman law had become so immense that {he Emperor Justinian in Constantinople ordered a dear, systematic code of all the laws to be made. Roman law had had a great influence on the law of the world. The law of most European countries is based on it. It had had some influence on Anglo-Saxon law as well, it being the other great law system of the world. For many years Roman law seemed to be lost or forgotten, but it reappeared in the eleventh century when there was a great revival of learning.

4. Many European countries began to use Roman law in their courts. In France however, until Napoleon codified the law in 1804, each province had its own laws. The Napoleonic Code was a splendid achievement and had been copied in many countries in Europe and South America.

V Прочитайте 4-й абзац та дайте письмову відповідь на запитання:

Who was the Emperor of France who codified Roman law?

 

 

Рекомендована література:

1. Агабекян И„П Английский для технических вузов. Учебное пособие Ростов на Дону, "Фенгасс", 2001.

2. Андрианова Л.Н., Багрова Н Ю., Ершова З.В. Учебник английского языка для заочних технических вузов и факультетом М., 1972.

3. Гундризер В.Р., Ланда А.С Учебник английского язика М., 1961 и более позднее издания.

4. Чистик МЛ. Английский язик Учебник для политехническнх вузов. Москва, "Высшая школа", 1988.

5. Headway Elementary, Liz and John Soars, Oxford University Press, 1998.

6. Headway Pre - Intermediate, Liz and John Soars, Oxford University Press, 1998.

Контрольні завдання склали

Варіанти завдань

№1 Волочаєва І.А.

Костенко ЛІ.

Філіпова ЛО.

№2 Бузуверя Л К.

Голівер Н.О.

Харітонова Л.П.

№3 Бойко Т.В.

Шаруда В.Ф.

Харітонова Л.П.

№4 Золотарьова Н.В.

Костенко Л.І.

Гончаренко Т.О.

Курбатова Т.В