Nature as a mistress of wild life ehe seems to have resembled the Luwian LAMMA
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- Theon. Some lists of gods mention Mm next to the Storm-god and the Sun-goddess
- Nerik; accordingly, offerir.gs are made to the Storm-god of Nerik, the Sun-goddess of the Earth,
- Century BC, the ceremonial throne Halmasuit was one of the cult objects in the temple
- Geneous, reflecting the ethnic differentiation of the population of the land of Haiti.
- Tral Anatolia dropped the male solar deity under the influence of Hattian beliefe
- Traditionai structure of the local pantheon with a nature goddess at the head to
- At the time also with the logograms NIN.URTA and URAS started being used
- An unpublished text 1320/z which mentions the Storm-god of Ziplanda (obv. 8’, IO 1 ) and Anzili
- To Hattian Katahzipuri, 298 which may suggest that the goddess, who was worshiped
- Ion and the traditions of local cults in central and northern Anatolia did not change
- With war-gods and sometimes also with the deity GAL.ZU. Finde of zoomorphic vessels
- To one text, it was where people gathered during the day and the gods at
- Ready in existence in Old Hittite times. The Hittite names, however, are unknown.
- SANGA-priests. Cf. also Popko 2001a; -328.
- The cult of specific deities. The tazzeli- priest is encountered solely in the cult of Zi-
- Tions. The gods received loaves of bread and specific parts of sacrificial animals (the
- Month were celebrated already in the Old Hittite period.
- Responsible for the Organization of the cult, observance of the cult calendar, and
- Ces to fourteen divinities in the temple of the Sun-goddess of Arinna and to nine others
- Position of the texts is not very clear and neither is their content. The authors re-
- Writing. 408 Some of them are bilingual and the Hittite translation corresponds quite
- Inar and Telipinu, who had been sent by the Storm-god in search of the Sun. The
- Tamian beliefs appear through the Hurrian mediation, deeply changing the world
- Complex reasons were responsible for the change in Hittite religion under the
- Continuity and change in the Hittite state pantheon and. royal ideology of the
- Nature as a mistress of wild life ehe seems to have resembled the Luwian LAMMA
- Feste tions of Telipinu from the towns of Tawiniya, Durmitta and Hanhana, oath
- T-urned to the old Capital in the reign of Mursiii III/Urhi-Tessub (c. 1273-1267), 45J
- Two solar deities being identified with one another in ritual practice. One of the texts
- Earlier on, regardless of changes in the ideology of kingship in the Empire period.
- Longer have such solid foundations as held up to now and, indeed, one might speak
- The priestcss of Kizzuwadna, Puduhepa, the Hurrian gods of Kummanni virtually took over the
- Kulitta (no. 36), Moon-god Kusuh (no. 35), Sun-god Simige of Heaven (no. 34 ), War-
- In the local pantheon next to the Sun-goddess, Mezzulla, the Hulla mountain, Zrn-
- Importance the local deities with the Queen of Katapa in the fore. The Storm-god of
- Of Karahna appears among the most important Hittite gods. One of the gods of Ka
- Centers in the region - Zalpa and the holy city of Nerik.
- Being rebuilt, the gods of the city found shelter in nearby Utruna, where Hattu
- Zalpa. The cult of these goddesses was introduced in one of the local temples )
- Practically only from texts found in the Hittite Capital Hattusa. Naturally, this knowl-
- KBo 9.143 iii 10; KUB 35.107 iii 10. Cf. Watkins 1993: 469.
- The eategory of tutelary gods, referred to in Hittite texts by the logogram
- Stood at the head of the pantheon of Karkamis, In the Deeds of Suppiluliuma I his
- Aaiong the divine witnesses right after the war-gods and next to the chthonic Allatu
- Ite deities: Pirwa, Askasepa and the Queen (3.2.6). Maliya is summoned offen to
- Suwasuna, Wandu, Siuri, lyasalla(ssi), Wistassi, fertility deity Xmarsi, Ayanti, Walwa-
- It is not known whether the Storm-god of Hurma is identical with the local allomorph of the
- And Hurri (Tilla in the eastern tradition); 661 in the west he also had two Syrian
- Cult of Tessub and Hebat of Halab, ehief pair of the dynastic pantheon (see 3.2.2),
- According to Hurrian spells from Ugarit, Ishara was worshiped in Syria in the fol.lowi.ng main
God (3.1.1). 1t is very likely that in the lists of gods mentioning the supreme triad of
the Sun-goddess, Storm-god and D LAMMA (ÜRu Hatti), the latter logogram refers to
Inar, espeeially when Habandali is listed next to LAMMA. This logogram denoted
Also Kammamma, who replaced Inar in some lists (see 3.1.1), leading to his being
Perceived as a tutelary god.
See now van den Hout 2007a: 238ff.
As attested by ritual texts from the very beginning of the Empire period; see 3.1.1 with n. 225.
437 Güterbock 1961a.
Schwemer 2001: 76ff,; Popko 2005b; 10, 13.
The Empire Period 85
Other texts attest to an interpretatio luvitica of the third deity in the supreme
Triad occurring in the new ethno-linguistic and cultural realm, Consequently, the
Luwian stag god LAMMA/Kurunta/i(ya) and his consort Ala (3.2.4) appear after the
Sun-goddess and the Storm-god. Other tutelary deities are mentioned, too. One of
These was Zithariya, worshiped as a kursa- bag. It is not. quite clear how Zitfiariya,
Chief deity of Zithara, ended up becoming the king’s tutelary god and his companion
On military campaigns. Perhaps Zitfiara’s importanee as a town is a key to this puzzle.
The town is known, among others, as the place where the Hittite-Hurrian purifica-
tory ritual of itkalzi (‘mouth-washing’) for Tuthaliya III, father of Suppiluliuma I,
439
And his wife Taduhepa was written. Hence, it is not to be excluded that the new
Royal dynasty was somehow specially connected with this town.
Lists of gods receiving offerings during traditiona! Hittite cult festivals fa.il to
Inform fully about the modifications of the state pantheon occurring under the new
Rule. Not so lists of divine witnesses to state treaties, which are a perfect Illustra
Tion of developments in the Hittite pantheon in the course of two hundred years. 440
In the earliest lists from the beginning of the Empire period, the supreme triad
Is followed by the Moon as oath god, Sauska (denoted with the logogram ISTAR)
Who had a leading Position in Hurrian pantheons (3.2.5), and the War-god, whose
Elevated rank in these early lists is presumed to draw from his role in the ideology
Of kingship already in Old Hittite times (3.1.1). In the list of gods of the»unassura
treaty (KBo 28.110+ rev. 80”ff.) the supreme triad of the state pantheon is followed
Directly by Tessub of Halab and Hebat, topmost divine couple of the dynastic pan
Theon (3.2.2), no langer listed in this exposed place in any later treaties.
Lists of divinities in Hittite state treaties reflect the entirely new idea that had
evolved with regard to the pantheon. ~ A typologieai arrangement of divine wit
Nesses had been introduced already in the times of Suppiluliuma Ts predecessors,
439 CTH 777, Haas 1984; see now also Strau ß 2006; 149ff.
For English and German t-ranslations, see Beckinan 1999c: llff.; Wilhelm - Schwemer -- Klinger
2005.
441 KBo 28.110+ rev. 80”f£. (treaty between Tuthaliya I and Sunassura of Kizzuwatna), Schwemer
2006a: 246; and KBo 8.35 ii 9? ff. (CTH 139, an early treaty with Kaskeans), von Schüler 1965:
Cf. also Yoshida 1996: 10.
On the pantheon from the lists of divine witnesses, see Kestemont 1976: Yoshida 1996; 7ff.
(references to earlier literature on p. 7 n. 1); Taraeha 2005a: 92ff., Schwemer 2006a:
Ff.
86
Hittxte Anatoua
87
Bist it was not until this ruler that it took on an ultimate form, to be repeated with
But slight modifications in all the documents of bis successors until the very end.
Setting aside the Sun-god of Heaven for now (see below), the lists are headed by the
Sun-goddess of Arinna, who is followed by storm-gods from different Centers (both
Anatolian ones and Tessub’s numerous hypostases, among whom Tessub of Heaven
Figures prominently) along with tutelary deities (corresponding to the Overall idea of
the supreme divine triad). The arrangment of other (categories of) deities down on
The list is as follows; Mesopotamian goddess of the netherworld Allatu (identified
With Lelwani) together with Ba and Ms consort Darokina, three most important mani
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