L)aKTOpLI naToreHHOCTH MHKpoopraHH3MOB

BHpyneHTHOCTb o6ycJIOBJieHa HCKOTOpbIMH nosepXHOCTHbIMH CTpyK­ rypaMH MHKp06HOH KJICTKH H ee cnoco6HOCThlO npo,nyuHpOBaTI, pa3JIH1-1Hble 6I10norH1-IeCKH aKTHBHbie semecTBa, B TOM"IHCJie q>epMeHTbI naToreHHOCTH H T0KCWieCKHe npo,IJ,yKTbl MeTa6 oJIH3Ma. Bee 3TH CTpyKTypbl H Belf(eCTBa Ha3bIBaIOT q>aKTopaMH naToreHHOCTH (BHpyneHTHOCTH). OHH IT0MOraIOT naroreHaM npoTHBOCTO.SffE, 3alf(HTHbIM q>aKTopaM MaI<poopraHH3Ma KaK BO BX0,Il,HblX B0pOTax 1rncpeKUHH, TaK H B ero BttyTpeHHeH cpe,IJ,e.

DOJiblIIHHCTBO B036y,IJ,HTeJieH nm:j)eKUHOHHbIX 6one3HeH nona,uaIOT B MaKpoopraHH3M qepe3 CJIH3HCTbie o60Jl<.)l{K.H, pe)l(e - qepe3 MHKpoTpaBMbI KO)l(M. MM npOTHBOCTO.s!T cpaKTOpbI BpO)l(,Il,CHHoro HMM)'HHTeTa - cparoUITT03, K0JIOHH3aUHOHHa.sl pe3HCTCHTH0CTb HOpMaJibHOH MHKpo<pnopbr, 6aKTepH­ UH,IJ,H0e H MexaHHl{CCK0e.LleHCTBHe BbmeJI,S{CMI,IX ceKpeTOB. TipeO)lOJieB 3TY 3alf(HTY, MHKpoopraHH3Mbl npHKpenJIHIOTC.sl K K.,1CTK8M 3TIHTeJIH.sl H KOJI0-

HH3HpYJOT ero.,[(anee HM npe,Il,CTOHT npOHHKH)'Tb qepe3 3ffHTeJIHaJibHhIH u coe,IJ,HHHTeJibHOTKaHHI,IH 6apbep s JIHM<paTHl{ecryro II KpoBeH0CttyIO CHCTeMY H BH)'TpeHHHe opraHbI, r,lle pa3MH0)l(HBIIIHeC.sl B036y,IJ,HTeJIH no,IJ,­

Bepra10TC.sl B03,IJ,eHCTBHJO MHOrQl{HCJieHHhIX ryMOpa.ribHhIX H KJieTOl{HbIX q>aKTopoB ecTecTBeHHOH 3alf(HTbl. B 3T0T nepH0,IJ, Hal{HHaeTC.sl cpopMHpO­ BaHHe a,uaITTHBHOro KJieTOl{HOrO H ryMopaJibHOro HMM)'HHTeTa.

Bo3MO)l(eH,upyroii nyTb np0HHKH0BeHH.sl MHKpoopraHH3Ma - qepe3 nospe)l(,Il,eHHbie KO)l(H0-CJIH3HCTbie TIOKpOBbl, B TOM l{HCJie TpaHCMHCCHBH0. TipH 3TOM B036y,IJ,HTCJib npOHHKaeT Henocpe,Il,CTBeHHO B JIHMq:>aTH'IeCKYJOH

Kp0BCHOCttyIO CHCTeMY, MHHY.sl ecTeCTBCHHbie 6apbepbl KO)l(H, CJIH3HCTOH o6oJIO'IKH H coe)lHHHTeJibHOH TKaHH.

OcHOBHa.sl pom, cpaKTopos naToreHHOCTH - cnoco6cTBOB8Th npeo,no­ nemno BbIUieyKa3aHHblX 381.f(HTHbIX MeXaHH3MOB X03.slHH8, l{TO IT03BOJI.sleT B036y.[(HTeJI,S{M, npoHHKttyB B opraHH3M, pacnpoCTp8H.s!TbC.sl, pa3MHO)l(aTbCH, Bbipa6aTuIB8Th T0KCHl{eCKHe ITpO,ll)'KThI. B pe3yJibT8Te npOHCX0)lHT pa3BHTHe HHq>eKUHOHHoro npou;ecca (1rncpe1<u;110Httoro 3a6onesaHH.s1).

<l>aKTopbI IlaToreHH0CTH,,IJ,CH_CTBYIOl.f(He Ha pa3HbIX 3Tanax pa3BHTH.sl HH(peKUHOHHOro npou.ecca, 3T0: q>aKTOpbl a,ure3HH H K0JI0HH38u;HH, lrnB83HH H arpecCJUI, BKJIIO'Iajf aHTHq>arou:wrapm,Ie <paKTOpbI H T0KCHHbI.

 

38

 

<J>aKTOpbI a re3HH H KOJJOHH38IJHH

BcrynaIOT B,neikrBHe O)lHHMll l13 nepBbIX, 3anyc1<a$1 HHCpeI<UHOHHhIH npouecc. <DaKTOpbl a,nr e3HH, Ha3blBaeMb!e a.nre3HHaMH, MOfYT 61,ITh npe.11.­ CTaBJieHbl pa3JIH'l1Hh1MH noBepXHOCTHhIMH CTpyKrypaMH H BemecTBaMH

MHKpo6HOH KJleTKHy.

rpaMOTpHII.aTeJlbHbIX 6aKTepHH 3TO qmM6pHH (mum

o6mero THna) mrn 6eJIKH Hapy)l(HOH MeM6paHbl, y rpaMTIOJlO)l(HTeJlb­ HhlX - Hapy)l(Hble 6eJIKH KJleTOtJHOH CTeHKH, TeHXOeBhie tt mmoTeHXOeBble KHcnoThL Y 6ai<TepuA, no1<phIThix 1<an cy n ou, ponh a)lre3HHOB BhmonHHJOT

KancynhHbJe IlOJlHCaxaptt.II.hl HJIH rm-t:KonpoTeH,D,bl.

Aoze3UJl ocymecTBJI$1eTC$1 nptt yqacnrn 3JieKTpOCTaTH'IeCKHX H fH.l].pocpo6HbIX CBOHCTB KJleTOK H 3aBeprnaeTCSI mtraH,ll-peuerrTopHbIM B3aHMO.l].eHCTBHeM. 3To BbICOKOCIIeuuqnPieCKHH npouecc, rrpH KOTOpOM

a)lre3HHhl.IJ.OJDKHbl 6b!Th KOMTIJieMeHTapHbl peuenTopaM KJleTOK op r aHm Ma. lfame Bcero npouecc a.nre3HH npOHCXO.II.HT Ha noBepXHOCTH CJIH3HCTblX o6oJI01.JeK pa3J1HtJHbIX opraHOB H CHCTeM, Ha'-IHHaSI co BXO,llHhlX BOpOT 1rncpeKUHH. ITptttieM, a,nre3HHbI pa3Hb!X BH,Il,OB 6aKTepttH npHKpemunOTCH K 3TIHTenmo pa3JIH1:{Hb!X CHCTeM opraHH3Ma - nHmeBapHTeJihHOH, pecnH­ paTOpHOH, yporeHHTanhHOH (HJ1H HX OT,lleJlbHblX o 6n acTeH). HeKOTOpble Btt)].hI 6aKTepHH Mfe3Hp)'KYf TOJlhKO onpe,neneHHhIM nm 3nHTemlJI. Hanpu­ Mep, rOHOKOKKH H XJlaMH.IJ.HH cnoco6m.1 npHKpemtSITbCH TOJibKO K KJieTKaM UHJIHH.II.pH'IeCKOfO 3IlHTemui: - yporeHHTaJlbHOfO TpaKTa, KOHoIOHKTHBhl rna3a H.np. Anre3HH Haq1rnaeTCH KaI< o6paTHMblH npoQeCC H nepeXO,llHT B Heo 6 p aTHMhIH. ITpm,penHBUIHeCH MHKpo6Hbie KJleTKH HaqttHalOT pa3- MHO)l(aTbC$1, KOJIOHH3HPYJOT IlOBepXHOCTb 3TIMTeJJml, pacnpocTpaHHHCh no CJ1H3HCTOH o6onoqJ<e, HeKOTOpbie H3 HHX cnoco6Hbl npoHHKaTb BttyTpb 3TIHTeJIHaJibHbIX KJieTOK.

Co cneU,HqlHtJHOCThlO a,nre3HH CBSl3aH MHKp06HblH mpomt3M (opza,.w­

mpomwcmb), TO eCTh cnoco6HOCTb pa3HblX MHKpo6HhIX BH.l{OB K H36Hpa­ TeJ1bHOMY nopIDKeHHJO Tex HJ1H HHhIX TKaHeM H opraHOB MaKpoopraHH3Ma. 'ITO o6ycJIOBJieHo, npe)K)];e scero, HaJIHqHeM qyBCTBHTeJII,HblX peuenTopoB

Ha KJieTKax.

 

 

39

 

<l>aKTOpbl HHBa3HH H arpeccnn

HH6ll3UJI - npoHHKHOBCHHC B036y;urreneA qepe3 KO)l(Hble 110Kp0Bbl, CJHf3HCTblC o6oJJOtfKH H coe,IJ.HHHTCJlbHOTKaHHble 6apbepb1 B no)l)le')f(amwe TKaHH, a TaJOKe B KJlCTKH MaKpoopraHH3Ma.

Azpeccua - noJ.taBJJeHue qJai..--ropos epO)l(JlCHHoro H a:i.anTHBHoro

HMMYHHTeTa nocpe.UCTBOM nospe)K)latomero.neHCTBHSI o6proyeMblX MHKpo- 6aMH cpepMeHTOB H TOKCHHOB Ha KJleTKH H TK8HH op r aHH3Ma- X0 3SIHHa.

(l)aKTOpbl HHBa3HH H arpecc,m,,ZieifoTByst COBMCCTHO, noMoratoT

HH<pCKU,HOHHblM areHTaM npomrnaTb BO BH)'TpeHHIOfO cpe.zzy opraHH3Ma, Bbl)KHBaTb H pa3MHO)KaTbCSI B HCM, neHeTpHpOB8Tb B pa3J!HtfHbte KJlCTKH -

:mwreJTHa.JlbHble,:}H,!J,OTemtaJTbHblC, <tJarOU,HTapHble, JlHM<!JonHTapHble H

.upyrne H Bbl3b!BaTb HX nospe)KJleHHe H pa3pyweHHe. npH 3TOM o6bJllHO BKJTIOT.JaeTCSI CHfHaJlbHast CHCTeMa KJTCTOK, cnoco6cTBYfOW:Wl HHBa'.3HH.

H11sa.JU8IIOCmbW U azpecCU6HOCmblO, a TaK)l(C CBOHCTBaMH 3aW:HTbl, 0611a.na10T nosepXHOCTHblC CTpyKrypbl MHKp06HOH K,1eTKH -.)f(ryTHKH (cnoco6cTBYIOT HHB83HH), Kancyna, pa.3J1HT.JHblC IIOBepXHOCTHble 6eJTKH.

JJHTTOTIOJJHCaxapH,nbl (JTfIC) rpaMOTpHU,aTCJlbHblX 6aKTepHH. <l>aKTopaMH

r-n nn1:.i.1n'I "a1-pecc1111.11s11>1t0Tcl'I Mttor»e lf)epMeHTbl KJTacca ru.nponro, peme J1Ha3, npo,zzyu;11pycMblC MHKpoopraHH3MaMH H Ha3btBaCMblC </Jep.111eHmawu namozeHHocmu. Y HeKoTopbtX q,epMeHTOB 11peo{foa,aatur HHsa:rnBHbte

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H MC)KKJlCTO"<fHOM acmcc-rsc H B npynrx TK8HllX. l HaJTYpOHH.Ua3a nOBbtWaeT

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ra3osoii raRrpeHbl, xonepHble BHOpHOHbl H pS!)l.upyrHX MHKpOOOB.

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KHCJIUTbl BXO,LVIT B COCTclB M)'UHHa, co.uepiKctTCSI B IIOBepXHOCTHblX MeM-

 

40

 

6paHaX MHOrHX KJleTOIC 30HTeJTHOU.HTOB, 3pHTpOU.HTOB, JieHKOU:HTOB H

.up y rn x. MHKpoopraHH3Mbl, o6pa3YJOlUHe HeiipaMHHHJ.(83Y, pa3pyrna10T M)'·

!H-fHORh!H C.TTOH. nm pe)f(J"!:,!!{)'f noRepXHOCTHh!e MeMfipam,I 1mrremfa.JibHh!X 1<.HeT01<, lfTO cnoco6cTByeT npeononemno CJTH3HCToro 6 ap bep a, a.ure3MH, KOJTomnaum-1. npOHHKHOBeHHIO BttyTpb KJieTOK opraHH3M8 (n eHeTpaU:HH). HettpaMHHH,Lla3y o6p83y!OT MHOrHe naToreHHbie 6aKTepHH, B qacTHOCTH, xonepHI,Je BH6pHOHhl,  CliHerHOHHalt  n an oq  Ka,  6aKTepOH)lbl, MHKOTIJI83Mb1,

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opraHH3Ma I.JeJTOBeKa _J,f iKHBOTHblX, Bb13blB8SI 6bICTpoe pa1pymem1e JJHflH)lOB KJTeTOlfHhfX  MeM6paH  (CTa<pHJIOKOKKH,  s m  6y,11J,fT e JIH  f830BOH  rattrpem,1 H

.np.). TTpo.LzyKTbl pacna.1),a JIH[lH,1],08 o6JJa!(aIOT TOKCJflIHOCTblO.

- ,[{HK - 1 b1 BhI3bIBaIOT rH)lpomn MoJTeKYJJ,[(HK, TeM caMbIM cHIDKaJI

Blt31<0CTb cpe)lbl, I.JTO 6naronpmrrcTByeT pa3BHTHIO naToreHHbJX MHKpoop­ raHH3MOB. JTOT cpepMeHT CHHTe·mpyIOT CTa<pHJJOKOKKH H CTp en TOKOKKH.

- Tl, 'IG '3. \ I0 1<0 G2 y.ru n a - Bhl3b!BaeT csepThIBaHHe TTJ183Mhl KpOBH,

npespamasi paCTBOpHMblH cjrn6p1rnoreH B HepacTBOpHMblH cpH6pHH. ivh1KpoopraAH3Mbl yKpbTBatoTCSt a o6pa30BaBIIHfXCSI cry c·rKaX qm6pm-t:a (MHKpOTpoM6ax) OT.ueHCTBHJl KOMnJieMeHTa, aHTHTeJI, JIH30llHMa H <J>aro­ Ll HT OB, tfTO cnoco6CTsyeT MX BbJiKHBaHI-flO B Kp085JHOM pycne (KoaryJT83a- 110JlO)l{I-fTeJJbHble CT8Q)HJIOKOKKH H.up.)

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cjm6potteKTHH H..!lpyrne. l1pOTea3b1 cnoco6cTByJOT.nerpa,naQHH rncTottoB, 3JlaCTHHa JlCfOl{HOH TKaHH, cpw6po6JJaCTOB H HCKOTOpblX)lpyrnx TKaHeH

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41

 

MHorHe rraToreHHbie MHKpoopraHH3Mbl rrpo.izyu11pyt0T rrpoTe0JIHTH­

qecKH e cpepMeHTbl, K HHM OTH0 C.sl.TCH:

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xonepHblH BH6pHOH 11)J.p.).

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Cl>aKTOpLI naToreHHOCTH, 06.Jiai:.aiomue aHTHct,aronnTapHOH aKTHBHOCTblO

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