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OpraHH3M qeJI0BeKa Hero MHKpo<i>Jiopa TeCH0 CB.sI3aHbl,npyr C;J.pyroM, Hax0,r(}ITC.sI B C0CTO}IHHH,r(HHaMHqecKoro paBH0BeCH}I (3y6H03a) H }IBJUHOTC}I e,n:HHOH 3KOJioruqecKOH CHCTeMOH. B3aHMOOTHOIIIeHH.sI MHKpoopraHH3M0B

(B TOM qucne Me,UHUHHCKH 3HaqHMhIX) Me)K,r(y co6on H C OKpy)KaJOmen cpe,nou, BKJIIOqa.si: oprattH3M X03.sIHHa, H3yqaeT Me.[(HUHHCKM MHKpo6Ha.sI

3Konorll}I, octtos1>1 KoTopoH 61>mH 3aJI0)KeHbI eme H. H. MeqHHKOBbIM H

Il. B. Qli KJlHHCKOH.

BH,n:OBOH C0CTaB HOpMaJibHOH MHKpo<pnopbl TOJlCT0ro KHIIJeqHHKa pa3HOo6pa3eH H HacqJITbIBaeT 0K0JI0 500 BH.r(0B - canpo<pHTOB H ycJI0BH0- naToreHHblX MHKpooprattH3M0B,.no 95% H3 HHX C0CTaBJI}IJOT  o6JIHraTHble

aHa3p06bI. O6mee K0JIHqeCTB0 MHKpo6HblX KJleTOK HOpMaJibHOH MHKpo­

<pnopbl B opraHH3Me qenoBeKa,nocTHraeT 1014 KOE/r, no,nasn.si:10mee 6on1>­ IIIHHCTB0 MHKpoopraHH3M0B H8X0.[(HTCJI B T0JICT0M KHIIJeqHHKe. ·

B mo6oM MHKpo6Ho eHo3e pa3JIH11aJOT,nse nonyngunw u11ouze1-my10 (xapaKTepey10, pe3H.[(eHTttylO, ayroxToHttylO) H mpa111umop11y10 (cnyqaii­ ttylO, aJIJIOXTOHHYJO) MHKpocpnopy.

- 10

06JluzarnHble npeocrnaeurneJlU HH.r(HreHHOH MHKpO<pJIOpbI Il0CTO}IHH0 npHCYTCTBYIOT B opraHH3Me B 6oJibJ1IHX K0JlHt{eCTBax. HanpHMep, K0JIH- 11eCTB0 6mpH.r(o6aKTepHH B co,nep)KHM0M T0JlCToro KHIIJeqHHKa.[(0CTHraeT

1010

11 KOE/r, naKTo6auHnn - 108• O6n0raTHa.sI MHKpocpnopa HrpaeT

nepB0CTeneHttylO ponb B MeTa60J1H3Me H 3alllHTe OT HHq>eKUHH opraHH3Ma X03»:HHa. <PaKyllbrnamueHbte npeocmaeume.nu xapaKTepttoiA MHKpocpnop1>1

)J.0CTaT0':IH0 qacTo BCTpeqaJOTCJI y 3.[(0p0BbIX JllO)J.eH, HX Ka'leCTBeHHblH H

 

4

 

KOJiffl-1ecrneHHbIM COCTaB He CTOJlb IlOCTO.SIHeH H BpeM.ff OT BpeMeHH MeH.ff­ eTC.sl'. O6mee 'lfHCJIO HH,[{HreHHblX BH,n:OB OTHOCHTeJibHO HeBeJJHKO, HO OHH

Bcer.n.a npe.n:cTaBJieHbl B 3Ha'lJHTeJJbHOM KOJJH'lfeCTBe.

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cpe,nbl (cny'lfaMHaH, 3aHOCHa.ff MHKpoqmopa) HJJH H3.n.pyroro 6HOTOTia (a.HJJOXTOHmUI), HO, KaK npaa1mo, cpaBmITeJibHO 6blCTpo 3JIHMHHHpyeTC.sl'. AJUwxmOllllble YCJIOB1-lO-namo2eH1-lble MUKJJOOp2aHU3Mbl, nonaB B HeCBOH­ CTBeHHblM HM 6HOTOIT, M0ryT Bbl3BaTb 3H)loreHttyIO onnopryHHCTH'lfeCKYlO HH<peKI.OUO (HanpHMep, KHIIIe'lJHrul IlaJI0'lfKa, npoHHKHyB H3 KHIIIetIHHKa B MO'IeBOH IJY3blpb, cnoco6Ha Bbl3Ban, l.lHCTHT).

MHKpocpnopa Tena tieJJ0BeKa HrpaeT qpe3BbitiaMHO BIDl<H}'IO p0JJb B TI0Mep)l(amrn era 3A0P0BMI Ha 0TITHMaJibH0M yposHe.

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X03HHHa H ero 3aIUHTe OT HHq>eKUHOHHbIX 3a6oneBaHHM. B CB0lO oqepe,n;b, X03.sl'HH C03,n:aeT MHKpoopraHH3MaM 0IITHMaJibHble ycJI0BHH, o6ecnet:[l{Ba.ll HX MeCT0M o6HTaHHH H IIHTaTeJibHI,IMH s em ecTBaMH.

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MHKpoq>nopbI, npHBe,n:eHHbie HIDKe, TIOI<a3b1Ba:IOT, HaCK0JibKO BeJIHKa ee p0Jib B II0Mep)l(aHJ-m:roMe0CTa3a B opraIDl3Me X03HHHa.,[(oKa3aTeJlbCTBaMHpoJIH Mm<poq>rropbl HBJJHeTCH B03HHKHOBeHHe pa31IH'-IHI,IX 3a6oneBaHHM qeJI0BeKa npH ee HapyweHHH H pa3BHTHH,llHC6Ho3a, a TaK)l(e MHOI'O"IHCJieHHbie 0ilbITI,I Ha 6e3MHKpo6HbIX)KHB0THbIX.

 

 

(f)yuKQHH HOpMaJibHOR MHKpO«J>J1opb1

Peryn.ff11Jrn ra3osoro cocrnsa. O6pa3)'10IUHMCH B npouecce MeTa6o­ JIH3Ma so.n:opo.n:, MeTan, aMMHaK, yrneKHcm,1ii ra3, ceposo.n:opo.n: H n:pyrHe fa3bl BbI.I{eJIHlOTC.sl' BO BHellIHIOlO cpe.ny HJIH npeBpamaIOTCJI B

,n;pyn1e IIp0.nyKTbl, HCTI0Jib3yeMbJe MHKpoopraHH3MaMH H KJieTKaMH

X0 3HHH a.

Tipo,n;yK[(HH <pep M eHT OB, yqacTBYIOlllHX B MeTa6oJIH3Me 6eJIKOB, yrneB0,I{0B, JJHilHllOB, tIT0 cnoco6cTByeT TIHllleBapeHHIO, ycHJIHBaeT nepHcTaJibTHKY.

 

5

 

Yqacnte B BO,nHo-coneBoM o6MeHe, no.n.nep)l<aHJUf pH, pe,no1<c­ noTeHUmUia (EH).

Yqacni:e B peu:HpKyJ1.!IUHH)l<eJlqHI,IX KHCJ10T, CTepoH,noB H.npynix

MaKpoMoJ1eKYJ1.

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nenTH,nOB, ropMOHOB,)KHpHblX KHCJIOT, BHTaMHHOB (rpynrrbl B, C, D,

H,PHK).

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,npyrnx q>aKTopoB 3aIUHTbl.

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YtJaCTHe B KaHuepoJIHTHtJeCKHX peaKUH.slX - HH,nHreHH:E.Ie npe.ncTaBH­ TeJIH HOpMaJibHOH MHKpoqmopbI cnoco6Hbl HeHTpaJIH'.30BaTh Bemecrna, HHJJYUHPYIOIUHe Kanueporette3.

Co3,naHHe KOJIOHH3aU:HOHHOH pe3HCTeHTHOCTH, npemITCTBYIOIUeH

KOJ10HH'.3aUJIB CJIH3HCThIX o6onotJeK H KO)KH rraToreHHbIMH MHKpOOpra­

HH3MaMH, a, cne.nomrreJI:E.HO, H pa3BHTmo HHcpeKQHoHHoro npouecca.

 

 

MexaHH3Mbl cl>opMepoBaHHH KOJIOHH3anuonnoii pe3HCTeHTHOCTH R ee KOHTpOJib

KoJIOHH3aU:HOHHa.sJ pe3HCTeHTHOCTb - COBOKYITHOCTb MexaHH3MOB,

I1pH.D:aIOIUHX CTafombHOCTb HOpMaJII,HOH MHKpocpnope H npe,noTBpamaI0- 1.UHX 3aceJieHHe MaKpoopraHH3Ma ycJIOBHO-TiaToreHHbIMH H naToreHH:E.TMH MHKpo6aMH...s!BJI.sl.slCb OJJ;HOH H3 Ba)l(HeH1IJHX 3aIUIITHbIX q>yHKUHH HOpMaJih­

HOH MHKpoqmopbI, KOJIOHH3aUHOHHaSI pe3HCTeHTHOCTb ocymecTBJl.!JeTCH COBMeCTHO C opraHH3MOM X03.slHHa rryTeM o6pa30BaHHH 3aIUHTHOH 6Ho­ rnieHKH Ha KO)Ke H CJIH3HCThIX o6onol.fKax. BnonneHJ<a co.nep)KHT pa3JIHt:(HbIX

6

 

npe,ncTaBHTeJleH HOpMaJlbHOH MHKpocjmopbl, cpe.nH K0T0pbIX HaH6onee aKTHBHbI o 6m ff aTHO- aH a3 p o 6 Hbi e mUI0tIK0BHJJ:Hbie 6aKTepHH. B C0CTaB

6HorrneHKH BX0L(..slT TaIOKe 6aKTepHanbHbie 3K30II0J1HCaxapH.D.bl H MyU:HH, npo.D.yu:npyeMbIH 60KaJ10BHL(HbIMH KJieTKaMH 3IIHTem,rn.

Han6om,mee 3HatieHHe HMeeT K0JI0HH3aU:H0HHa.sI pe3HCTeHTH0CTI, T0JlCT0fO KHUietIHHKa, K0T0PM npo.srn n.s1eT CH s cnoco6HOCTH p..sl.D.a npe,n­ CTaBHTeJieH HOpMaRbHOH MHKpocjmop1,1 (HaIIpHMep: 6HCpHJJ:o6aKTepHH, JlaKT06au:mrn, KHUie1IHI,JX nanoqeK) K a.L(re3HH Ha 3TTHTeJIHH CJIH3HCTOH 06ono1IKH. O6pa3yeMbIH 6aKTepH..s1MH IIpHCTeHOtIHbIH CJIOH (6nonJieHKa) npen..slTCTsyeT npnKpennemuo K 3TTHTen11aJII,HblM KJieTKaM KHlllet{HHKa naToreHHbIX H ycnoBH0-naToreHHbIX MHKpoopraHH3M0B.,l{rl..sl C03,[\aH.H..sl TIOJlHOU:eHHOH 3alllHTbl OT HHcpeKU:HH Heo6XOAHMO npHCYTCTBHe 60JibllIOfO 1IHCJla pa3H006pa3HbIX npe,ncTaBHTeJieH HOpMocpnopbI.

,npyrou MexaHH3M C03.L(aHH..sl KOJ10HH3aQHOHHOH pe3HCTeHTH0CTH

CB.sl3aH C CHHTe30M HHAHreHHbIMH MHKpoopraHH3MaMH p.SIAa BellleCTB, TI0)).aBJI.sllOlllHX pocT H pa3MH0)KeHHe naToreH0B (MOJIOt{Ha.sI, MypaBbHHa.sI, yKcycHa..sl, npOilH0HOBa.SI KHCJI0Tbl, Jle'Iy't{He)KHpHbie KHCJI0TbI, nepeKHCb B0JJ:0p0JJ:a H JJ:pyrne 6HOJIOrH1IeCKH aKTHBHbie cy6cTaHU:HH).

HMeeT 3Ha1IeHHe TaK)Ke K0HKYpeHU:HJf C naToreHHblMH MHKpoopra­ HH3MaMH 3a HCT01IHHKH nHTaHHJf, B KOTOpOH npeHMyllleCTB0 - Ha CTopoHe H0pMaRbHOH MHKpoqmopbI.

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llleCTBJI.sleTCH: K0MilJleKCHO.

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MexaHHtieCKHe cpaKTopbI:.u;eCKBaMaU:H.SI 3IIHTeJIH.sl K0)KH H CJIH3HCTbIX 06orro1Ie1<, y.naneHHe MHKpo6os ceKpeTaMH (1<a11IeJih, 1IHXaHHe H np.), nepHCTaJlbTHKOH KHII1e1IHHKa, rH.u;po.u;.nHaMH1IeCKOH CHJIOH M01IH B M01IeB0M ny31,1pe H T.TI.

XHMll1IecK.He cpaKTOpbI: C0JIH:Ha.sl KHCJI0Ta)Kerry.u;oqttoro C0Ka, llleJI0t{­ Hbie ceKpeTbI,)KeJltIHble KHCJI0Tbl B T0HK0M KHII1e1IHHKe, KHIIletIHbIH C0K T0JICToro KHI1Ie1IHHKa.

EaKTepHU:H.D.Hble ceKpeTbl CJ1H3HCTbIX 060JI01IeK H K0:>KH.

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7