I. 1. Прочитайте и переведите :

I. 1. Прочитайте и переведите:

Quantity, quality, activity, reality, humanity, ability, possibility, responsibility, identity, purity, bioavailability  

2.Определите от каких слов образованы наречия и переведите их:

 greatly, normally, badly, really, shortly, partly, professionally, scientifically, broadly

3. Прочитайте и переведите:

Comparable, questionable, considerable, changeable, eatable, variable, comfortable, responsible, possible, capable, stable

II. Назовите причастие II  (III  форма глагола) от следующих инфинитивов и переведите их:           

To treat,  to translate, to listen, to give, to take, to make, to read, to find, to know, to confirm, to come, to put, to provide, to demand, to retard

III. Прочтите предложения, определите какую функцию выполняют выделенные слова и переведите предложения:

А. 1. The delivered lecture was very interesting. 2. The lecture on muscles was delivered on Monday. 3. The lecture delivered yesterday by Prof. Smirnov was very interesting.

B. 1. The therapeutist examined the patient yesterday. 2. The patient was examined by the therapeutist very attentively. 3.The patient examined by the therapeutist yesterday felt bad. 4. The examined patient had a heart disease.

C. 1. The doctor saw the changed condition of the patient. 2. That was why he changed the administration to the patient. 3. The administrations were changed to restore his health. 4. The nurse didn’t  forget to carry out the administrations changed by the doctor.

IV. Прочтите и переведите предложения с причастием в роли определения:

1. Every educated person should speak English.

2. The ancient Chinese developed the practice of acupuncture.

3. The translated text includes much new information.

4. I read an interesting paper published in a medical journal.

5. The infection affected the organs of the chest.

6. The patient affected by the infection felt bad.

7. The lecturer answered the questions asked by the students.

8. The lecturer asked the students and answered their questions.

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слова с окончанием – ed.

a. The small number of patients is reported to date limits investigations in this field.    

b. There are no data comparing measurements obtained on the same patients studied in two institutions.                                                                                                                                        

c. Subjective improvement was noted in all of the patients treated.

d. It appears that only 4 patients of the 140 reported in the literature developed serious side effects.  

VI.  Проанализируйте  предложения, найдите причастие II в каждом и определите его функцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Polluted air and pure air differ in composition.

2. All oxygen used industrially comes from the air.

3. When heated albumin hardens into a solid mass.

4. Nitrogen is fatal if breathed alone.

5. Silver dissolved in water kills many harmful bacteria.

6. Titanium becomes brittle when exposed to hydrogen gas.

7. Gallium will melt held in hand.

8. An element is a substance made up of only one type of atom.

9. Nitrogen gas carried in the atmosphere eventually falls as dissolved inorganic and organic nitrogen.

10. Hydrogen explodes easily when mixed with air or oxygen.  

VII.  Прочтите  и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзы if, unless:

1. The surgeon asked the patient if he had been operated on the year before.

2. If you have a sore throat you must gargle it several times a day.

3. I will investigate this case again if the findings are not clear.

4.I asked the nurse if all the findings were clear.

5. I can’t help you unless you tell me what’s wrong.

6. Unless you come now I’m going to leave without you.

7. He hasn’t got any hobbies - unless you call watching TV a hobby.

8. I sleep with the window open unless it’s really cold.

9. Unless something unexpected happens, I’ll see you tomorrow.

10. You should take this drug only if the doctor has administered it.

Прочитайте и переведите:

 

excitement, requirement, treatment, achievement, appointment, department, development, measurement, ointment, arrangement,   

 

Words:

dispensing- расфасовка; standard – уровень; official description – фармакопейное (официальное) описание; a prescription container – ёмкость, предусмотренная рецептом; exposure to air–воздействие воздуха; to lose to attract moisture – терять свойства, притягивая влагу; to retard deterioration–замедлять, задерживать, тормозить ухудшение (состояния или качества)

 

                                                              TASKS

 

VI. Agree or disagree:

1. Pharmacy and chemist’s shop are the same.

2. Pharmacist and pharmacologist are synonyms.

3. Pharmacology is the science which embraces the history, source, cultivation, collection, preparation, distribution, identification, composition, purity and preservation of drugs.

 4 Pharmacognosy is the field of medicine which studies drugs, their nature, origin and effect in the body.  

5. Pharmacopoeia is a book containing a list of medicinal substances with description, tests and formulas for preparing the same.

 

VIII. TEST

 

Fill in proper words:

 

1. BOTH SERVICES DEMAND... KNOWLEDGE AND HIGH PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS.

1. special

2. specialty

3. interesting

4. amusing

 

2. GENERAL CHEMISTRY DEALS WITH BASIC PRINCIPLES AND... SUBSTANCES.

1. difficult

2. different

3. inorganic

4. unknown

 

3. PHARMACOGNOZY EMBRACES THE HISTORY AND PRESERVATION OF DRUGS OF … ORIGIN.

1. vegetable

2. vegetable and animal

3. animal

4. historical

 

4. THE... NAMES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES DO NOT ALWAYS REPRESENT THEIR CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.

1. first

2. brand

3. scientific

4. pharmacopoeial

 

5. THE OFFICIAL DESCRIPTION USUALLY INCLUDES ITS... PROPERTIES.

1. organic

2. inorganic

3. physical

4. scientific

 

6. THE REACTION TO LITMUS IS AN... TEST OF IDENTITY OR PURITY.

1. hard

2. important

3. funny

4. necessary

 

7. TO BECOME A PHARMACIST ONE SHOULD ACHIEVE KNOWLEDGE OF DIFFERENT SUBJECTS, SUCH AS PHYSICS, …,ETC,

1. geography and history

2. botany and chemistry

3. physiology and anatomy

4. mathematics and informatics

 

8. A PHARMACOPEIA IS A BOOK CONTAINING A LIST OF … …

1. recopies

2. prescriptions

3. medical substances

4. recommendations

 

9. IT CONTAINS DESCRIPTION, TESTS AND … OF MEDICAL SUBSTANCES.

1. formulas

2. origin

3. reactions

4. prices

 

10. THE COMPOUNDING OF MEDICINES REQUIRES THE SCIENTIFIC COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE ….

1. knowledge

2. salts

3. solutions

4. ingredients

 

                                                        LESSON 4

Грамматика: причастие I, его функции (повторение и закрепление), - ing формы;  парные союзы

 

                          PRACTICE OF PHARMACY (Part II)

Запомните: суффикс – ate -  суффикс глаголов

 суффиксы – er, or - суффиксы существительных, обозначающих производителя действия

 

I.1. Прочитайте и переведите:

 

observer, indicator, visitor, dictator, collector, conductor, investigator, researcher, inventor, teacher, experimentater, examiner, manager

 

Прочитайте и переведите:

 

 regulate, filtrate, granulate, fermentate, cultivate, concentrate, inactivate, calculate, radiate, operate, estimate

 

I. Answer the questions:

1  How has the practice of pharmacy changed in the twentieth century?

2 What is the chief responsibility of the pharmacist today?

3 What skills do you consider to be most important for the pharmacist to possess?

4 What are specialized fields of practice?

5  Where do you prefer to work: in specialized or general practice of pharmacy?

 

Chemical Elements

At present there are 110 known chemical elements. (The discovery of element 110, reported in 1987 by Soviet scientist, remains unconfirmed, however, and is still considered extremely tentative.) Elements can combine with one another to form a wide variety of more complex substances called compounds. The number of possible compounds is almost infinite; perhaps a million are known, and more are being discovered every day. When two or more elements combine to form a compound, they lose their separate identities, and the product has characteristics quite different from those of the constituent elements. The gaseous elements hydrogen and oxygen for example, with quite different properties, can combine to form the compound water, which has altogether different properties from either oxygen or hydrogen. Water clearly is not an element because it consists of and actually can be decomposed chemically into the two substances - hydrogen and oxygen; these two substances, however, are elements because they cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by any known chemical process. Most samples of naturally occurring matter are physical mixtures of compounds. Seawater, for example, is a mixture of water and a large number of other compounds, the most common of which is sodium chloride, or table salt. Mixtures differ from compounds in that they can be separated into their component parts by processes; for example, the simple process of evaporation separates water from the other compounds in seawater. Mendeleyev's periodic table of 1869 contained 17 columns, with two nearly complete periods (sequences) of elements, from potassium to bromine and rubidium to iodine, preceded by two partial periods of seven elements each (lithium to fluorine and sodium to chlorine), and followed by three incomplete periods. In an 1871 paper Mendeleyev presented a revision of the 17th group, the principal improvement being the correct repositioning of 17 elements. He, as well as Lothar Meyer, also proposed a table with eight columns obtained by splitting each of the long periods into a period of seven, an eighth group containing the three central elements (such as iron, cobalt, nickel; Mendeleyev also included copper, instead of placing it in Group I), and a second period of seven. The first and second periods of seven were later distinguished by use of the letters "a" and "b" attached to the group symbols, which were the Roman numerals.

 

                                                            TASKS

III. Answer the questions:

 

1. Is water distributed in nature?

 

2. In what states of aggregation does water occur in nature?

 

3. How many quarters of the earth’s surface are covered with liquid water?

 

4. Where does water occur?

 

5. What is the composition of water?

 

6. What kinds of water do you know?

 

7. What water is fit to drink?

 

8. Does water play a vital part in the nutrition of animals and plants?

 

9. Where is water employed by man?

 

10. Does absolutely pure water occur in nature?

 

 

 

                                                         LESSON 6

Грамматика: пассивный залог; слова – заменители

 

                       PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (PART II)

Запомните: суффикс – ly образует наречия от основы прилагательных и существительных;

 

суффикс – ant  образует прилагательные

 

TEST

Choose a right variant:

1. water occurS … in nature.

              1) only in solid and vapour condition

              2) only in liquid condition

              3) only in liquid and solid condition

              4) in liquid, solid and vapour condition

 

2. The human body is composed of more than..... of water.

              1) 90 per cent

              2) 86 per cent

              3) 70 per cent

              4) 96 per cent

 

3. We …. water for drinking and domestic purposes every day.

              1) are using

           2) uses

           3) use

           4) do use

4. GOOD DRINKING WATER MUST BE FREE FROM…

1) toxic salts only

2) salts of calcium and iron

3) magnesium, potassium, and sodium

4) toxic salts, disease producing organisms, harmful organic and sewage contamination

 

5..… OF THE EARTH SURFACE ARE COVERED WITH LIQUID WATER.

1) a half

2) northern part

3) about 3 quarters

4) southern part

 

6. ABSOLUTELY PURE WATER DOES NOT OCCUR IN NATURE.

1) that’s wrong

2) that’s right

3) I don’t know

4) I’m not sure

7. THE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE COMPOUNDS IS …

             1) limited

             2) definite

             3) infinite

             4) well-known

8. … ARE HIGHLY COMPLEX COMPOUNDS ELABORATED BY LIVING CELLS.

             1) penicillins

             2) proteins

             3) antibiotics

             4) sulfa drugs

9. … ARE CLASSIFIED CHIEFLY ACCORDING TO THEIR SOLUBILITY.

              1) salts

             2) proteins

             3) acids

             4) all chemical elements

10. COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ARE … IN THERAPEUTIC ACTION.

             1) different

             2) unknown

               3) various

             4) similar

 

 

                                                      LESSON 7

Грамматика: модальные глаголы; числительные

 

                                     CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

Запомните:   суффикс - al образует  прилагательные от основ существительных;

 

суффикс – ic образует прилагательные от основ существительных

 

I. 1. Прочитайте и переведите:

experimental, practical, social, medical, natural, chemical, logical, capable, clinical, cerebral, neutral, abnormal

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите:

 

carbonic, phenolic, alcoholic, electronic, basic, prophylactic, anatomic, democratic, economic, atomic, mercuric, organic

 

3. Назовите исходные формы следующих производных слов,  слова переведите:

clinical, preparation, successfully, effectiveness, decision, government, chemical, possibility, treatment, different, desirable, completely, therapeutic, toxicity, depressant

 

IX. Запомните:

Length                                 Weight                                           Liquids

1 inch = 2.54 cm                1 ounce {auns} /oz/ = 28.35 g   1 pint {paint} = 0.4732 dm

1 foot = 0.3048 m             1 pound /lb/ = 0. 454 kg             1 gallon = 3.7853 dm

1 yard = 3 feet =0.9144 m 1 stone = 14 pounds = 6.35 kg

1 mile = 1.609 km                                                                                      

XI.  Скажите по-английски.

a) 1 сентября 1984 года 8 мая 1861 года 7 ноября 1990 года

                                    21 января 1824 года

9 октября 1947 года  22 апреля 1907 года 11 марта 1951 года

                                     27 июля 1990года

5 июля 1945 года     10 февраля 1972 года 15 августа 1952 года

                                      31 декабря 2000 года

б) 1,325,543 книги      первый автобус около 18,000 студентов

                                       часть первая 

1,325 учеников         вторая страница более 1,500,000 человек

                                        номер десятый

266 дней                 сороковой размер менее 1000 страниц  

                                        параграф третий

XII. Прочитайте слова, запомните их произношение и дайте их русские эквиваленты:

chemical,substance, fundamental, combination, nitrogen, oxygen, aluminum, extremely, helium, electronic, equivalent, energy, nucleus, valence, hydrogen, electrovalent, ionic, ion, electrostatic, structure

XIII. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

constitute – составлять

 obviously – очевидно

abundant – распространенный, обильный

crust – корка; покрываться коркой

universe – вселенная

attributable – определительный, характерный

accordingly – соответственно

melting point – точка плавления

boiling point – точка кипения

indicate – указывать

positively charged – положительно заряженный

negatively charged – отрицательно заряженный

determine – определять

valence – валентность

require – требовать

 bond, bonding – связь

covalent bond – ковалентная связь

transfer – перемещать

confirm – подтверждать; поддерживать

tentative – гипотетический, предполагаемый

XIV. Прочтите следующие вопросы и пометьте те из них, на которые вы можете ответить и те, на которые вы затрудняетесь ответить.

1. What does all matter basically consist of?

2. What is a chemical element?

3. Can you name the most abundant elements in nature?

4. What is the total number of elements known today?

5. What do the properties of the chemical elements depend on?

6. What does the atomic number of an element indicate?

7. How is the ability of an atom to combine with another atom called?

8. How are the atoms held together?

9. What kinds of bonding do you know?

10. What is the Periodic Table of elements?

XV. Прочтите текст А и найдите в нем ответы на «трудные» вопросы и отметьте те, на которые вы ответили неправильно.

                                           Text A. Chemical Elements

A chemical element is any substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes. Chemical elements constitute the fundamental materials of which all matter consists. Of all the known elements, 90 occur in nature either chemically free or in combination with other elements.

About one-third of the elements found in nature occur in a chemically free state on Earth. These elements, which obviously are not very active chemically, include nitrogen, gold, platinum, copper, and the noble gases. The five most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust are oxygen (466,000 parts per 1,000,000, or 46,6%), silicon (27,7%), aluminum (8,1%), iron (5%), and calcium (3,6%). Hydrogen is by far the most abundant element in the universe, accounting for more than 90% of the total number of atoms and for about three-fourths of the mass. Helium is next in abundance, constituting about 7% of the number of atoms and nearly one-fourth of the total mass.

The properties of the elements are to a large degree attributable to the electronic structure and size of their atoms. Accordingly, they are extremely diverse. Helium, for example, has the lowest-known melting point (-271,4 degrees C at 29,6 atmospheric pressure) and boiling point (- 268,98 degrees C) of any of the elements, while tungsten has the highest-known melting point (3,370 degrees C) and boiling point (5,900 degrees C).

The atomic number of an element indicates the number of protons (positively charged particles) in the nucleus of a given atom. It is also the number of electrons (negative charged particles) in the atom that determines the chemical properties of the element. Each electron moves in an atomic orbit (equivalent to a particular energy level) around the nucleus.

The ability of an atom to combine chemically with another atom is called its valence. The valence of an element is the number of electrons it needs to gain or lose in order to make it stable. Atoms require a total of eight electrons in the outermost energy level to be stable in the case of the lightest atoms (hydrogen and helium) the number is two.

The way in which atoms are held together is known as bonding. The covalent bond is a type of chemical bond in which atoms are held together by shared pairs of electrons which move around both atoms. The electrovalent (or ionic) bond is another kind of chemical bond between atoms. Here, electrons are transferred from one atom to another forming ions. This produces electrostatic attraction; in other words, the attraction between opposite charges holds the ions together.

As the list of different elements grew in the 19^th century – by 1860 over 80 were known – chemists attempted to group them together and to classify them according to their behavior. In 1869 the Russian chemist Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev made a complete table by arranging the elements in order of their atomic weights in rows so that elements with similar properties appeared in columns.

The Periodic Table produced by Mendeleyev was refined by further research into the structure of atoms. At present there are 110 known chemical elements. (The discovery of element 110, reported in 1987 by Soviet scientists, remains unconfirmed, however, and is still considered extremely tentative).

XVI. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты названий следующих химических элементов: золото, кремний, медь, азот, алюминий, железо, кальций, водород, платина, гелий, кислород, благородные газы, вольфрам.

Прочитайте и переведите:

effective, preventive, active. infective, penetrative, reactive, coagulative, hypertensive, successive, connective, attentive, constructive, collective, decisive

III. Find the synonyms:

content, rich, quantity, to lower, to carry, danger, to decrease, abundant, threat, to tend, to accumulate, level, to transport, to have a tendency, burden, load, to pile up, amount

 

                                                       LESSON 9

Грамматика: неопределеннее местоимения и их производные; both … and …; thus

                                               CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Запомните: суффикс – sion – образует существительные  от глагольных корней.  - tion, - ssion - его варианты.

I. Answer the questions:

1. What is a chemical reaction?

2. What do other types of familiar chemical reactions include?

3. In what ways can material substances undergo change?

4. How are chemical reactions manifested?

Words:

ultimate sugar particle — элементарная частица сахара

on the other hand — с другой стороны

under certain conditions — при определенных условиях

                                                          TASKS

II. Answer the questions:

1. What mixtures may be defined as a solution?

 2. Is it possible to obtain a solution only by dissolving solids in liquids?

 3. What kinds of solutions are recognized?

 4. What does the variety of a solution depend upon?

 5. What is very fine sand mixed with if we want to obtain a suspension?

6. Is much known about the formation of colloidal solutions?

7. Why are many quantitative data available on the properties of solutions of solids in liquids?

 8. How does the extent of solubility of  different substances vary?

III. Complete the following sentences according to the text:

1. Depending upon the size of the dispersed particles we recognize….

2. … these two extremes lie colloidal solutions.

3. From the pharmaceutical stand-point solutions of solids in liquids are of the greatest importance and many quantitative data …

4. … is said to be saturated at the temperature of the experiment.

5. Under certain conditions it is possible to prepare a solution containing a larger amount of solute than is necessary ….

6. … when a solution is saturated at one temperature,

VI. Answer the questions:

1. What kind of preparations are ointments?

2. Are ointments used for internal or external application?

3. What consistency are the ointments of?

4. Do ointments soften or melt when applied to the body?

5. What classes have ointments been divided into?

6. What ointments possess the power of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin?

7. What is the melting point in the most of endodermic ointments?

8. What substances do endodermic ointments contain?

9. What ointments belong to the group of absorption base?

10. What are ointments belonging to the group of hydrocarbon base prepared from?

TEST

1. THIS TYPE OF MEDICATIONIS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN CHILDREN AND THE ELDERLY WHO MAY STRUGGLE TO SWALLOW TABLETS OR CAPSULES.

1. pills

2. liquids/syrups

3. decoction

4. tincture

2. THESE TABLETSOFTEN HAVE A MILD ANAESTHETIC EFFECT TO NUMB A SORE THROAT.

1. spray

2.emulsion

3. paste

4. lozenges

3. A MEDICATION THAT IS TAKEN INTO THE BODY THROUGH THE NOSE OR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, THROUGH BREATHING IN.

1. dragee

2. inhalants, aerosol

3. spray

4. ointment

4. THEY ARE USED EXTERNALLY. THEY ARE APPLIED DIRECTLY ONTO THE SKIN.

1. drops

2. mixture

3. creams, ointments

4. paste 

5. NOT THE MOST PLEASANT FORM OF MEDICINE TO ‘ADMINISTER’, BUT THEY ARE VERY USEFUL.

1. plaster

2. suppositories

3. tincture

4. dust

6. THE MEDICATION IS IN THE FORM OF A LARGE “TABLET SHAPE” TO BE INSERTED INTO THE VAGINA, OFTEN USED IN VAGINAL INFECTIONS.

1. cream

2. paste

3. pessary

4. tampon

7. A MEDICINAL FORMULATION COATED WITH SUGAR TO DISGUISE THE TASTE.

1. dragee

2. a tablet

3. a pill

4. tincture

8. ANY FINE, PARTICULATE, DRY MATTER MADE UP OF A BASE AND AN ACTIVE INGREDIENT FOR USE ON SKIN.

1. a tablet

2. dust/dusting powder

3. a pill

4. dragee

9.A LIQUID PREPARATION MADE BY POURING WATER OVER PLANT PARTS (SUCH AS DRIED OR FRESH LEAVES, FLOWERS, FRUITS) AND ALLOWING THE MIXTURE TO STEEP.

1. decoction

2. mixture

3. infusion

4. tincture

10.A COMPOSITION OF TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES THAT ARE NOT CHEMICALLY COMBINED WITH EACH OTHER AND ARE CAPABLE OF BEING SEPARATED.

1. mixture

2. decoction

3. infusion

4. tincture

 

                                                          LESSON 11

Грамматика: степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий;  enough (случаи употребления); повелительное наклонение

                                                        TABLETS

Запомните: префикс   de - образует глаголы противоположного действия

I. 1. При помощи суффикса de - образуйте глаголы противоположного действия, прочитайте и переведите их на русский язык:

compose – decompose

acidify, alkalize, form, calcify, carbonate, gasify, hydrate, ionize, mineralize, saturate, water

2. Назовите существительные в данной группе слов и укажите их суффиксы:

  measurement, titration, alkaline, organic, chemical, solution, completely, sensitive, particularly, experienced, observer, estimate, important, occurring, condition, acceptable, measure, contamination, excessive, distillation, proportion

II. Answer the questions:

 

1.What shapes and sizes have the tablets?

 

 2. Have you ever used tablets of the shape not mentioned in the text?

 

 3. What peculiarities have the tablets for solutions?

 

4. What peculiarities have the tablets for dissolving in the mouth?

 

5. What groups of tablets do you know?

 

6. What drugs are used to manage the heart problems?

 

7. What is the action of stimulants?

 

8. What is the action of depressants?

 

9. What rule of taking drugs must every patient follow?

 

 

                                               Different Types of Drugs

Words:

The most common form of medication — самая распространенная форма лекарственных препаратов; tablet making (tabletting) — изготовление таблеток; a drug in a finely divided state — лекарство в мелкоизмельченном состоянии; subjected to pressure in a die between two punches — подвергается прессованию в штамповальном прессе; alkalihalides — щелочные галоидные соединения или галогениды; because of persistent binding or sticking in the tablet machine — вследствие постоянного прилипания или приклеивания вещества в машине; average tablets — обычные таблетки; lubricants and glidants — смазывающие и скользящие вещества; flow property — скользящее свойство

 

V.  Answer the questions:

1. What is the most common form of medication for the administering of drugs in a dry state?

 

2. In what state is a certain volume of a drug subjected to pressure in a die during the process of tabletting?

 

3. What is a tablet characterized by when brought into contact with water?

 

4. What substances are used for tablet making?

 

5.Are any auxiliary substances added to the above mentioned substances?

 

6.To what drugs is it necessary to add auxiliary substances?

 

7.Why are some difficulties experienced in the process of tabletting?

 

8.What is necessary to do in order to avoid unnecessary complications during tabletting?

 

9.What kind of tablets must be strongly compressed?

 

10.What substances improve the flow properties of the tablet materials?

 

11. What facilitates smooth ejection of the compressed tablets?

 

TEST

Choose the proper words:

1. DRUGS RELIEVING PAIN ARE CALLED ….

1. aspirin

2. anti-inflammatory

3. anti-emetics

4. analgetics

2. DRUGS THAT HELP TO REMOVE EXCESS FLUID FROM THE BODY ARE….

1. decongestants

2. miracle drugs

3. diuretics 

4. analgesics

3. DRUGS INCREASING ACTIVITY ARE CALLED ….

1. stimulants

2. tranquillizers

3. narcotics

4. laxatives

4. EXCELLENT PAINKILLERS ORIGINALLY DERIVED FROM OPIUM ARE ….

1. analgesics

2. tranquillizers

3. narcotics

4. stimulants

5. THESE DRUGS PREVENT BLOOD CLOTS FORMING.

1. anticoagulants

2. sedatives

3. anti-inflammatory

4. insulin

6. THESE DRUGS ARE USED TO CALM PEOPLE AND RELIEVE ANXIETY.

1. decongestants

2. tranquillizers

3. diuretics

4. aspirin

7. THESE DRUGS HELP TO CLEAR A STUFFY NOSE.

1. digitalis

2. decongestants

3. miracle drugs

4. anti-emetics

8. IT’S USED IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES.

1. digitalis

2. aspirin

3. calcex

4. insulin

9. IT’S USED TO INCREASE THE PERFORMANCE OF A WEAK HEART.

1. digitalis

2. normodipine

3. vertigoheel

4. doxylamin 

10. … ARE ADDED TO THE TABLET MATERIALS TO IMPROVE THEIR FLOW PROPERTIES.

1. alkali halides

2. sodium chloride

3. glidants,lubricants

                                                         LESSON 12

Грамматика: времена Сontinuous Active и  Passive; предлоги; типы придаточных предложений; синонимы и антонимы

                                           SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

 Запомните:    приставки   un -, in -, dis -, im -, il -, ir - - образуют слова с противоположным значением

Text A. Solid dosages

Solid dosages, such as tablets, have many advantages over other types: greater stability, lesser risk of chemical interreaction between different medicaments, smaller bulk, accurate dosage, and ease of production.

Powders intended for internal use are usually mixtures of two or more ingredients. lf two ingredients are present in unequal quantities, then the lesser ingredient (usually the drug substance) is mixed with an equal weight of the greater ingredient. Next, the resulting mixture is combined with an equal weight of the greater ingredient in steps until the mixture is homogeneous and complete. This process of geometric dilution is essential in order to produce a homogeneous powder. Cachets, occasionally used for administration of powdered drugs with unpleasant taste, consist of shells made of gelatinized starch paste. More common today is the hard capsule, in which the powder is enclosed in a shell of hard gelatin. Semi-liquid and liquid drugs are often enclosed in a soft capsule with a soft gelatin shell.

Before the machine-made compressed tablet, pills were a very popular solid dosage form. Today, pills are rarely prescribed, though some popular types are manufactured by machine. The powdered ingredients are mixed together with a binding agent, such as tragacanth or acacia, and are then made into a plastic mass by incorporation of an appropriate liquid drug and addition of an inert liquid. The resulting mass, known as the pill mass, is then rolled into spheres and coated with talk, gelatin, or sugar.

Tablets, by far the most common method of administration of drugs, are only rarely made by compression of the drug alone (e.g. potassium bromide tablets). Usually, the drug is mixed with suitable diluents, such as dextrin. lactose, salt, starch, or synthetic substances, designed to ensure disintegration of the tablet in the body. To prevent sticking in the machine, a lubricant such as liquid paraffin, stearic acid, talk, or a synthetic substance is usually added. It is essential that the tablet machines are fed with the drug mixture in a free-flowing form to ensure complete filling of the molds. To achieve that, the drug mixture is granulated by mechanically forcing pellets of the mixture through a sheet of perforated metal. The granulated mixture is then fed into the tablet machine which feeds the correct dose into the mold, and the mixture is compressed. Excessive compression may mean that the tablet will not disintegrate in the body, while insufficient compression results in fragile tablets that may break, causing inaccurate dosage. Coatings of various types may be applied onto the tablet in order to protect the ingredients from deterioration, to hide the taste of certain drugs, to control the release of the drug from the tablet, or to produce a more attractive tablet. in the manufacture of layered tablets, incorporating two or more drugs, a compressed tablet is fed into a second machine where another layer is compressed around it. In this way, drugs normally incompatible may be formulated in the same tablet.

Other solid dosages include troches and dry extracts. Troches, also known as lozengers or pastilles, disintegrate or dissolve in the mouth, slowly releasing the active drug. The base usually consists of a mixture of sugar and gum and gelatin. Lozengers are generally manufactured by compression techniques, while pastilles are fabricated by fusion and the use of molds. Dry extracts are usually granulated by being passed through a sieve and may be used for the preparation of tablets.

 

                                                                       TASKS

 

I. Answer the questions:

 

1. What advantages do the solid dosage forms have?

 

2. What method is generally used in making powders if the drug is being mixed with a bulky ingredient?

 

3. Which solid dosage form is especially suitable for the preparation of solutions from the drugs unstable in the presence of water?

 

4. Which of the solid dosages is rarely used today and why?

 

5. Why are diluents added in the process of drug tabletting?

 

6. What is the function of lubricants in the process of tabletting?

 

7. Why is proper compression so important in tablet - making? *

 

8. What is the purpose of applying different coatings onto the tablets?

 

9. How can incompatible drugs be formulated in the same tablet?

 

10. What are the drugs like lozengers designed for?

 

I. 1. Прочитайте и переведите:

Quantity, quality, activity, reality, humanity, ability, possibility, responsibility, identity, purity, bioavailability  

2.Определите от каких слов образованы наречия и переведите их:

 greatly, normally, badly, really, shortly, partly, professionally, scientifically, broadly

3. Прочитайте и переведите:

Comparable, questionable, considerable, changeable, eatable, variable, comfortable, responsible, possible, capable, stable

II. Назовите причастие II  (III  форма глагола) от следующих инфинитивов и переведите их:           

To treat,  to translate, to listen, to give, to take, to make, to read, to find, to know, to confirm, to come, to put, to provide, to demand, to retard

III. Прочтите предложения, определите какую функцию выполняют выделенные слова и переведите предложения:

А. 1. The delivered lecture was very interesting. 2. The lecture on muscles was delivered on Monday. 3. The lecture delivered yesterday by Prof. Smirnov was very interesting.

B. 1. The therapeutist examined the patient yesterday. 2. The patient was examined by the therapeutist very attentively. 3.The patient examined by the therapeutist yesterday felt bad. 4. The examined patient had a heart disease.

C. 1. The doctor saw the changed condition of the patient. 2. That was why he changed the administration to the patient. 3. The administrations were changed to restore his health. 4. The nurse didn’t  forget to carry out the administrations changed by the doctor.

IV. Прочтите и переведите предложения с причастием в роли определения:

1. Every educated person should speak English.

2. The ancient Chinese developed the practice of acupuncture.

3. The translated text includes much new information.

4. I read an interesting paper published in a medical journal.

5. The infection affected the organs of the chest.

6. The patient affected by the infection felt bad.

7. The lecturer answered the questions asked by the students.

8. The lecturer asked the students and answered their questions.