Perfect Tenses (совершенное время)

to have (has, had, shall have, will have) + Participle II

Таблица 18

Present

Past

Future

Affirmative

1

1

1

shall have

We

We

We

written

You

nave written

You

had written

You

wiii have

They

They

They

written

He

He

He

She

has written

She

had written

She

will have

It

It

It

written

Negative

1

have not

1

had not

1

shall not (shan't)

We

(haven't)

We

(hadn't)

We

have written

You

written

You

written

You

will not (won't)

They

They

They

have written

He

has not

He

had not

He

will not

She

(hasn't)

She

(hadn't)

She

(won't)

It

written

It

written

It

have written

Interrogative

1

1

Shall

1

have

we

we

we

written

Have

you

written

Had

you

written

Will

you

have

they

They

they

written

He

He

He

have

Has

she

written?

Had

she

written?

Will

she

written?

it

It

It

Совершенные времена (Perfect Tenses) обозначают дейст­вие, которое совершилось к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем.

Present Perfect часто употребляется с наречиями неопреде­ленного времени (already, just, never, ever) и со словами, выра­жающими еще не истекшие периоды времени (today, this year, this month, this week, this morning и т.д.).

Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, ко­торое началось в прошлом и не закончилось к данному моменту, а все еще продолжается. Период действия обычно указывается с помощью предлога for (в течение) или посредством слова since (с тех пор как, с тех пор). В зтом случае Present Perfect переводится на русский язык глаголом в настоящем времени: I have lived here since 2000. - Я живу здесь с 2000 года.

Определенный момент в прошлом (Past Perfect) или буду­щем (Future Perfect) выражается обозначениями времени с пред­логом by - к (by 3 o'clock yesterday, by that time, by 8 o'clock tomor­row), либо иным способом.

SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES

1. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Have you already seen this machine-tool?. He hasn't spoken to the dean yet. 3. I have never been 'abroad. 4. We haven't heard from him since last summer. 5. We had finished our experiment by 5 o'clock. 6. I had lived in Kiev before I moved to Moscow. 7. By the end of the year he had learnt to speak French. 8. Next year they will have taught English for 10 years already.

2. Put the verb in brackets into the Present, Past or Future,

1. I (to hear) of him ever since! was born. 2. By the time you ar­rive I (to leave). 3. The students (to know) the results of the examina­tion by 3 o'clock tomorrow. 4. By 5 o'clock the Congress (to adopt) the draft programmes. 5. After they (to present) the draft of the Programme, long debates took place. 6. I (to do) already all my lessons. 7. He (to reject) just our proposal. 8. Our family (to live) in this street since we got a new flat.

 

3.           Form questions with the question word given.

1. We have been friends since our childhood, (since when) 2. The rain hasn't stopped yet. (general question) 3. He had recovered by the time I returned from my leave. (By what time) 4. He will have worked as a teacher for 20 years by next September, (for how long) 5. The students have started the discussion by the time you come, (who)

4. Translate into English.

1. Он когда-нибудь показывал свои работы специалисту? 2. Что с ней произошло? Я давно её не вижу. 3. Его лекции были все­гда интересными. 4. Он сказал, что его цех выпустил необходимую продукцию. 5. Он получил плохую оценку на экзамене по англий­скому языку, т.к. сделал много ошибок в письменном переводе. 6. На конференции мы встретили людей, которых никогда раньше не видели. 7. Мой друг еще школьник, но на будущий год к этому вре­мени он уже закончит школу. 8. К началу учебного года они закон­чат строительство нового здания института.

5. Read and translate the text.

HYDROGEN-SOURCE OF POWER

Scientists consider hydrogen a very promising energy source. The reserves of hydrogen are practically unlimited. Per unit of weight if contains almost three times more thermal energy than benzene. Be­sides, hydrogen can be used as fuel in transport, industry and home.

Hydrogen is easy to transport and store. It can be transported over large distances using conventional pipelines. It can be accumu­lated and kept for a long time either in conventional or natural reser­voirs.

Scientists have found many ways of producing hydrogen - basi­cally from ordinary water. And large volumes of this fuel can obtained from coal, whose global reserves are tremendous. There is also an idea of using nuclear power plants to generate hydrogen. Scientists hope to use the energy of the sun, wind and tides to obtain hydrogen.

In several countries car engines fed by hydrogen have been tested successfully. Tests have also shown that adding five to ten per cent hydrogen to benzene increases engine efficiency by 40 - 45 per cent.

What is still holding back the use of hydrogen as fuel, and what has to be done in order to apply it extensively in the economy? The main reason is that it is more expensive than mineral fuels, but in the near future hydrogen can be cheaper to obtain. This new kind of energy opens up new prospects in aviation, metallurgy and some other indus­tries.

Task 1. Finish the sentences according to the text.

1. Scientists consider hydrogen...

a) not very promising energy source

b) a very promising energy source

c) a more promising energy source than atomic energy

2. At present hydrogen fuel is being produced from...

a) the energy of the sun

b) the energy of the wind and tides

c) ordinary water.

3. Adding a few per cent of hydrogen to benzene...

a) greatly increases engine efficiency

b) decreases a little engine efficiency

c) does not change engine efficiency

4. Hydrogen is not used widely as a fuel at present because...

a) hydrogen reserves are limited

b) its production is very expensive at present

c) it is impossible to accumulate and keep it for a long time

Task 2. Define the predicate, its tense and voice 1. Scientists consider hydrogen a very promising energy source. 2. Besides, hydrogen can be used as fuel in transport, industry and home. 3. Scientists have found many ways of producing hydrogen -basically from ordinary water. 4. There is also an idea of using nuclear power plants to generate hydrogen. 5. In several countries car engines fed by hydrogen have been tested successfully. 6. What is still holding back the use of hydrogen as fuel, and what has to be done in order to apply it extensively in the economy? 7. This new kind of energy opens up new prospects in aviation, metallurgy and some other Industries. 8. A great many experimental models had been tested before the first tidal power station was built. 9. It should be said that all the chemical ele­ments known to science can be found in the Ural mountains. 10. The iron ores of the Ural mountains are spoken about as having no equal in quantity and variety.