VI. Write sentences using “ the same as”.

Example: Sally and Kate are both 22 years old.

            Sally is the same age as Kate.

You and I both have dark brown hair.

Your hair …

I arrived at 10:25 and so did it.

I …

My birthday is 5 April. Tom’s birthday is 5 April too.

My …

  

VII. Complete the sentences with than … or as … as.

Example: I can’t reach as high as you. You are taller than me.

1. He doesn’t know much, I know more …

2. I don’t work particularly hard. Most people work as hard …

3. We were very surprised. Nobody was more surprised …

4. She’s not a very good player. I’m a better player …

5. They’ve been very lucky. I wish we were as lucky …

 

VIII. Read and memorize the following words or word-combinations:

1. powder	пудра
2. skin	кожа
3. lipstick	губная помада
4. carnauba wax	воск листьев бразильской пальмы
5. beeswax	пчелиный воск
6. eye make-up	косметика для глаз
7. mascara	тушь
8. eyelashes	ресницы
9. shade	тень
10. lampblack	сажа
11. top note	высоко летучий
12. end note	низко летучий
13. perfume	духи
14. eyebrow	брови
15. as binders added	добавляемые в качестве склеивающих веществ

 

  IX.Write the following words in the plural:

 powder, lipstick, lip, liquid, perfume, oil, fat, weight, flower, rose.

  

X. Find the pairs of antonyms and remember them.

water-soluble, top note, dark, high, end note, light, water resistant, low,       unnatural, pleasant, natural, unpleasant.

 

XI. Paraphrase the sentences using the synonyms or antonyms.

Face powder is used to give the skin an unpleasant appearance.

The powder usually requires several ingredients to obtain proper appearance.

There are several types of eye make-up.  

 

XII. Find from the right column the equivalents of English words in the left one.

carnauba wax	чувство
beeswax	цинк
mascara	духи
eyelashes	десницы
shade	тень
perfume	пчелиный воск
zinc	тушь
sense	воск листьев бразильской пальмы
lampblack	сажа

 

XIII. Give English equivalents.

типы косметики для глаз, карандаш для бровей, тушь для ресниц, тени для глаз, красительные вещества.

 

XIV. Read the text and translate it. Do the tasks below.

 

Chemistry and cosmetics

 

F a c e p o w d e r. Face powder is used to give the skin a pleasant appearance. The powder usually requires several ingredients to obtain proper appearance, sticking properties and absorbance. A typical formula is: talc – 65%, precipitated chalk – 10%, zinc oxide – 20%, zinc stearate – 5%, to which are added small amounts of perfume and colouring matter. Compact powders are similar to face powder with mineral oil or lanolin, and organic hydroxyl compounds as binders added. They are pressed after mixing.

L i p s t i c k. Lipstick consists of a solution or suspension of colouring agents in a mixture of high molecular weight hydrocarbons or their derivatives or both. The material must be soft to produce a good application on lips, yet the film must not be too easily removed. Lipstick is perfumed to give an odour and pleasant taste. The co lour easily comes from a dye or from the eosin group of dyes. Two dyes used for the pre­paration of lipstick are: dibromofluorescein (yellow-red) and tetrabro-mofluorescein (purple). The ingredients in a typical formulation include: dye, which gives the lipstick colour 4-8%; castor oil, paraffin or fats which dissolve dye — 50%, lanolin — 25%, carnauba wax, beeswax, which raise the melting point of lipstick — 18%, perfume, which gives it a pleasant taste — 1.5%. Carnauba wax and beeswax are high molecular weight esters. Carnauba wax is extracted from the leaves of the Brazilian palm where it occurs externally on the leaves. The alcohols and acids hydrolyzed from esters of beeswax contain 26 to 28 carbon atoms.

In the manufacture of lipstick the dye is added to the castor oil
and then the waxes, lanolin and perfume are mixed with them. Then the mass is heated till a homogenous mixture is obtained. The mass is then

put into suitable forms, and after a number of other operations packag­ed.

E y e m a k e-u p. There are several types of eye make-up: eye­
brow pencils, mascara for eyelashes and shading. Eye shadow or shading which is now popular was also very popular in ancient Egypt. Eyebrow pencils are very much like lipstick, but they contain a different colour­ing matter. The colouring matter is a pigment such as lampblack; the other ingredients include fats, oils, petrolatum, and lanolin, mixed to give the necessary melting-point, which may be higher by the addition of beeswax or paraffin. Petrolatum is a semisolid mixture of hydro-carbons, saturated and unsaturated with melting-point 34° to 54°C.

Brown pencils are made by using iron oxide pigments in place of lamp­black.

Mascara is used to darken eyelashes and give them a longer appearance. The same colours as in the eyebrow pencils are used as well as other mineral colouring matters such as chromic oxide (dark green) and ultramarine (blue) pigment of various composition; a silicate of sodium and aluminum silicate with some sodium sulphide. The colouring matter is suspended in a mixture of oils, fats and waxes. The mascara may be water-soluble or water resistant, depending upon the composition of the mixture. A typical formulation consists of about 40 per cent wax (beeswax carnauba wax, and paraffin), 50 per cent soap) (such as thriethanolamine), 5 per cent lanolin and 5 per cent colouring matter.

Perfume. A perfume is a material containing one or more
volatile constituents which can produce aroma. The sense of odour is
quite complex and the nose can distinguish a great number of different
odours. The chemistry of perfumes is quite complex since it includes
up to 5000 different natural or synthetic materials. A typical perfume
has at least three components of somewhat different volatibility and
molecular weights. The first, called the top note, is the most volatile and is the specific odour when the perfume is first applied. The second called the middle note, is less volatile and is generally a flower extract (violet, lilac, etc.). The last or end note is least volatile and is usually a resin.

Most perfumes contain many components and chemically are often complex mixtures. As the analysis of natural perfume materials progresses, the use of pure synthetic organic compounds which increase the number of specific odours becomes very common. Other compounds used in perfumes include high molecular weight alcohols and esters. Esters of these alcohols are used to make synthetic rose aromas for perfumes. For example the ester formed by reaction between geraniol and formic acid has a rose type odour.

Typical perfumes are 10 to 25% perfume essence and 75 to 90% alcohol. Perfumes are added to most cosmetics to give them a pleasant odour. They also mask the natural odour of their constituents. They are often mildly bactericidal and antiseptic.