In which of these sentences you don’t need relative clauses.

1. A Master’s degree aims to deepen students’ knowledge within a subject that they have already studied.

2. The most common doctoral degree is the traditional Doctor of Philosophy that is usually awarded following an oral examination of the candidate’s research thesis, and normally taking three to four years of full-time study to complete.

3. The technique that they used in structures was worked out by the design team.

4. Prospects will be best for people who have a bachelor or higher degree in construction science.

5. The students who we met at the construction site were having practical training.

6. This is a four-year programme which provides doctoral students with taught courses and practical experience alongside advanced research.

 

Read and translate the following complex sentences with relative clauses in which the relative conjunctions (which / that) are left out.

1. The quality assurance processes of academic standards currently provided by the Quality Assurance Agency are generally considered efficient by the universities it serves, and as a body, it is highly regarded internationally. 2. The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for their users and to successfully fulfil the function they are designed for. 3. There are lots of different types of engineering. The one thing they have in common is that they use Maths and Science to improve industry and manufacturing. 4. The report he made after the delegation had visited our plant shows that he has finally realized the importance of the work we are doing here. 5. Given the diversity of the postgraduate population and the variety of postgraduate qualifications available, it is not surprising that the motivations people have for undertaking postgraduate study are varied. 6. The UK is second only to the USA in terms of the number of international students it attracts, with

11.6 per cent of the international student market.

 

In some of these sentences you don’t need who, which or that. If you don’t need these words, put them in brackets like this: (who), (which), (that).

1. A Master’s degree aims to deepen students’ knowledge within a subject that they have already studied. 2. The most common doctoral degree is the traditional Doctor of Philosophy that is usually awarded following an oral examination of the candidate’s research thesis, and normally taking three to four years of full-time study to complete. 3. The technique that they used in structures was worked out by the design team. 4. Prospects will be best for people who have a bachelor

or higher degree in construction science. 5. The students who we met at the construction site were having practical training. 6. This is a four-year programme which provides doctoral students with taught courses and practical experience alongside advanced research.
Приложение 9

 

 

       Complete the text with the se words and phrases

a) undertook b) defended c) degree d) finished e) supervisor f) graduated from g) perform h) undergraduate i) research j) was admitted k) Master’s degree

l) scholarship m) assessments n) earned o) proceed p) Bachelor’s degree q) carried out r) PhD course

 

My educational background has an over-all underlying tone of consistency. I am pleased with my past education, and feel that I have become a well-rounded individual in many various aspects of my life. In this educational autobiography, I will cover my education from beginning to present which will include how I came to the decision to begin doing a Doctoral (1) __________. I started schooling when I was seven years old. I attended a small school in a town in Belgorod region. My elder brothers attended the same school and most everyone from my big family went there. I attended this school until the fifth form after which my family moved to

Belgorod. I started to attend a college. Coming from a small school, it was a dramatic change in my life. The work was harder, and the atmosphere carried the sense of learning and excellence. As a school student, I always excelled in mathematics and physics. Those were the subjects I was good at, and unlike my classmates, I really enjoyed them. So towards the end of the final year at college I decided that being in engineering was for me. It wasn’t a hard decision to make, and my

parents supported me. I (2) __________ college with honours. At 17, I (3) __________ to the Technological University on a (4) __________ and took a (5) __________. I decided to major in Environmental Engineering. That (6) __________ programme lasted four years. At the University I had the opportunity to study a lot of key subjects ranging from water treatment to waste management and resource sustainability. In addition to the theoretical side of things and practical experience within the university labs, I (7) __________ a field course in my second year which allowed me to put many of the theoretical modules I had studied in the first two years of my degree into practice. In 2010, I (8) __________ University and (9) __________ a Bachelor’s degree in Environmental Engineering.

To deepen my knowledge of the subject I was interested in I decided to (10) __________ to a (11) __________ programme which took two years to complete. It was a logical progression to my studies. My (12) __________ was coordinated by the academic (13) __________ within the department. During the first two terms of the

Master’s degree course, I took some courses in the area of my specialisation. I developed an interest in waste management and so had the opportunity to (14) __________ a compositional analysis of printed circuit boards, which then allowed me to design a recycling facility to recover metals from the boards and separate out the plastic. In the third term I (15) __________ a project which included designing a car battery recycling facility. This involved site investigation and impact (16) __________. Then I started writing my Master’s thesis titled “Waste Management in Environmental Engineering”, which I (17) __________ successfully in 2012. It was my own original research with the subsequent conclusions. The experience gained across the Master’s degree process encouraged me to take a (18) __________ — there is something very magical about the moment you look at your results and realise you know something no one else in the world knows.

 

Speak on your own educational background. Use the above text and dialogue as a model.
Приложение № 10

Public Administration

 

What is Public Administration?

 

Public Administration can be broadly described as the development, implementation and study of government policy.

Today public administration is often regarded as including also some responsibility for determining the policies and programs of

governments. Specifically, it is the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling of government operations.

Public administration is a feature of all nations, whatever their system of government. Within nations public administration is practiced at the central, intermediate, and local levels. Though public administration has historically referred to government  management, it increasingly encompasses nongovernmental organizations that are not acting out of selfinterest. From the 16th century, the national state was the reigning model of the administrative organization in Western  Europe. These states needed an organization for the implementation of law and order and for setting up a defensive structure. The need for expert civil servants, with knowledge about taxes, statistics, administration and the military organization, grew. Lorenz von Stein, since 1855 professor in Vienna, is considered the founder of the science of public administration. According to him, the science of public administration was an interaction between theory and practice and combined several disciplines, such as sociology, political sciences, administrative law and public finance. In the United States Woodrow Wilson was the first to consider the science of public administration. In an 1887 article  entitled “The Study of Administration” Wilson wrote “it is the object of administrative study to discover, first, what government can properly and successfully do, and secondly, how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at least possible cost either of money or of energy”.

In most of the world the establishment of highly trained  administrative, executive classes has made public administration a distinct profession. The body of public administrators is usually called the civil service. Traditionally the civil service is contrasted with other bodies serving full time, such as the military, the

judiciary, and the police. In most countries a distinction is also made between the home civil service and those persons engaged abroad on diplomatic duties. A civil servant, therefore, is one of a body of persons who are directly employed in the administration of the internal affairs of the state and whose role and status are not political, ministerial, military, or constabulary.

Certain characteristics are common to all civil services.  Senior civil servants are regarded as the professional advisers to those who formulate state policy. Civil servants in every country are expected to advise, warn, and assist those responsible for state policy and, when this  has been decided, to provide the organization for implementing it. The responsibility for policy decisions lies with the political members of the executive (those members who have been elected or appointed to give political direction to government). By custom, civil servants are protected from public blame for theiradvice.

         

COMPREHENSION