EXERCISE 2. Put the verbs in brackets into an appropriate tense.

 Jim (1)…… (not/look) forward to the exam. He (2) ……. (study) for the past two months, and still (3)…… (not/feel) sure that he (4)…… (know) even half of what he should know. He (5)……(question) his teachers repeatedly about the material that (6)…… (appear) on past exams, but he still (7)…… (not/be) convinced that anything he (8)…… (learn) (9)…… (be) relevant to this year’s exam. He (10)…… (still/study) at seven o’clock in the morning on the day of the exam; he (11)…… (revise) all night long, and (12)…… (feel) exhausted. In fact he (13)…… (be) so tired that he (14)…… (fall) asleep in the middle of writing the exam, and (15)…… (wake up) only just in time to finish it.

EXERCISE 3. Translate into English.

1. Я знаю, что он скоро придет. 2.Я знал, что он скоро придет.3.. Я думаю, что она будет спать в это время. 4.Я думал, что она будет спать в это время. 5.Она думает, что сделает всю работу к пяти часам. 6. Она думала, что сделает всю рабо­ту к пяти часам. 7. Я был уверен, что к десяти часам он уже выучит стихотворение. 8. Я знал, что к девяти часам мама уже приготовит ужин, и в девять часов вся семья будет сидеть за столом. Я боялся, что приду слишком поздно. 9. Она боя­лась, что ее друг не придет. 10. Они написали, что скоро приедут. 11. Я был уверен, что встречу его на станции. 12. Я думаю, что папа скоро напишет нам письмо. 13. Вам сказали, что в декабре мы будем писать контрольную работу? 14. Он понял, что никогда ее не забудет. 15. Я полагаю, что они - вспомнят о нас. 16. Он говорит, что купит маши­ну. 17. Он говорил, что купит машину.

THE PASSIVE VOICE: Level B

The Passive is used: 1. when the agent (the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context. The robbers have been arrested. 2. to make statements more polite or formal. My new suit has been burnt. 3. when the action is more important than the agent (in news reports, formal notices, instructions, processes, headlines, advertisements, etc.) Bread is baked in an oven for about 45 minutes. 4. to put emphasis on the agent. The tower of London was built by William the Conqueror.   NOTE: -We use passive only with transitive verbs (verbs which take an object). They bought that car in 2000. That car was bought in 2000. -In colloquial English we can use get instead of be to express something happening by accident. She got sunburnt last week. (more usual than ”She was sunburnt last week”.) -We use by + agent  to say who or what did the action. We use with + instrument or material to say what instrument or material the agent used. The door was locked by the man with the key. -We put the agent into the passive only if it adds information. Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. -After modal verbs (will, can, may etc) we use be + past participle or have been + past participle. They may close down the market. The market may be closed down. -With verbs that take two objects it’s more usual to begin the passive sentence with the person. They sent a letter to him. He was sent a letter (more usual)/ A letter was sent to him. (less usual) - Make, hear, see, help are followed by a to-infinitive in the passive. They made me apologise. I was made to apologise. -The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think, etc can be used in the following passive patterns: It + passive + that clause (impersonal construction) Subject (person) + passive + to-infinitive form (personal construction) People say he is clever. It is said that he is clever. (impersonal) He is said to be rich. (personal)

EXERCISE 1. Put the following into the passive, mentioning the agent where necessary.

1 They feed the seals at the zoo twice а day.

2 Who wrote it?

3 Compare clothes which we have washed with clothes which any other laundry has washed.

4 Не expected us to offer him the job.

5 They showed her the easiest way to do it.

6 Lightning struck the old oak.

7 Titian couldn't have painted it as people didn't wear that style of dress till after his death.

8 А jellyfish stung her.

9 The author has written а special edition for children.

10 Judges used to carry sweet herbs as а protection against jail-fever.