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Reported Commands/Requests/Suggesti ons
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| To report commands, requests, suggestions we use an introductory verb: tell, ask, suggest, offer, advise, beg, etc followed by a to-infinitive, a not to-infinitive or an –ing form according to the construction of the introductory verb. | |||||||
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Direct speech He said to me, “Come with me.” He said to me, “Don’t lie to me” He said, “Let’s call the computer expert.” | Reported speech He asked me to go with him. He told me not to lie to him. He suggested calling the computer expert. | ||||||
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Reported Questions | |||||||
| Reported questions are introduced with the verbs: ask, inquire, wonder / want to know. The verb tenses, pronouns and time expressions change as in statements. | |||||||
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Direct questions with a question word “ Why do you want to leave your job?” Direct questions with an auxiliary “ Do you like jazz?” | Reported questions He asked me why I wanted to leave my job. He asked me if/whether I liked jazz. | ||||||
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Reporting a dialogue or a conversation | |||||||
| In conversation we use a mixture of statements, commands and questions. When we turn them into Reported speech we use: and, as, adding that, and he/she added that, explaining that because, but, since, and then he/she went on to say, while, then etc or the introductory verb in present participle form. Words and expressions such as Oh, Oh dear, Well etc are omitted in Reported speech. | |||||||
| Direct speech “Oh, this is a very nice dress,” she said. “How much does it cost?” “I can’t buy it, she said. “I can’t afford it.” |
Reported speech She remarked/exclaimed that that was a very nice dress and she asked how much it cost. Then she added that she couldn’t buy it, explaining that she couldn’t afford it. | ||||||
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Introductory verbs
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SAY – TELL – SPEAK – TALK
| Say |
| Say usually takes a direct object. The direct object may be: 1) the actual words uttered (direct speech): “Hello” or “Give me back my cookie!” 2) a word such as something, nothing, anything, much, a lot: Shh! He’s saying something. I want to hear him! 3) a that-clause (noun clause): John said that he had received some good news. 4) a wh -noun clause (especially in negative and questions): Mrs. Johnson didn’t say when she would return. If there is an indirect object, the preposition to must be used. This use of “ say to somebody ” occurs only with long clauses beginning with that. You said somethingto me about going skiing this weekend, remember? He said to me that he was sorry, and that he regretted his rashness. |
| Tell |
| Tell may occur: 1) with an indirect object: Please tell me the story of your life. 2) without an indirect object and with a limited number of direct objects in expressions such as tell a lie, tell a story, tell the truth, tell secrets: She never tells the same story twice. 3) with wh- noun clauses or phrases: The speaker told why these facts hadn’t come to light before. 4) with an animate direct object and a to-infinitive: Tell Jean to bring the car to the side entrance. |
| Speak |
| Speak is used: 1) with the names of languages: He's French-Canadian, but he speaks English with a Portuguese accent. 2) with direct objects in certain idioms, such as speak a word and speak one's mind: He didn't speak a word all evening. 3) with a to- indirect object: My advisor spoke to me at length about graduate school programs. 4) with a plural subject is used in formal style to mean "converse": The ambassador and I spoke of the need to improve the farmers' living conditions. |
| Talk |
| Talk can be used: 1) without a direct object. It can be used to describe a one-way communication or a two-way conversation. My aunt talked nonstop for an hour. 2) in certain expressions with a direct object, but these are idiomatic: My brother loves to talk shop/talk politics/ talk sports. 3) with a to- indirect object: Where's your father? I need to talk to him immediately. |
| Expressions with SAY and TELL
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