Market research вивчення ринку, дослідження ринку

There are different ways to talk about who buy things.

Customers are individuals ore organizations who buy things from other individuals, shops or organizations, pay for a service or order something from a company.

Consumers are people who buy goods and services for their own use or consumption and not for resale. Consumers are now recognized as an important group – the government has passed laws to safeguard the interests of the consumer. An organized movement (consumerism) for consumer protection has emerged in the last 40 years.

Consumerism consists of all those activities that are undertaken to protect the rights of consumers in their dealings with business. There exist four basic rights of consumers: the right to safety, the right to be informed, the right to choose and the right to be heard. Manufactures investigate consumer tastes using market research.

Clients are individuals or organization who pay for services provided by a professional person or organization such as a lawyer, an accountant, a bank, advertising agency, etc.

Exercise 1. Give the English for:

покупець, споживачі, платити за послуги, споживання, перепродаж, приймати закон, захищати інтереси споживача, захист прав споживача, смаки споживача, дослідження ринку, клієнт, бухгалтер, рекламна агенція.

Exercise 2. Match words from list A with words from the list B that have a similar meaning:

A customer consumer protect activity manufacturer investigate choose buy

B end user producer study purchase buyer action safeguard select

Exercise 3. Match the words with the correct definitions from the list below:

protection, consumer, market research, safety, consumerism, resale, client, customer;

1. a person or business who buys something from another person or business;

2. a person who buys and uses goods and services;

3. a customer of someone who provides a professional service;

4. an organized movement for consumer protection;

5. a sale of something again;

6. the condition of being free or protected from harm;

7. the study of what products;

8. action taken against harm or loss, a defense.

Exercise 4. Put an appropriate word into the sentences:

investigated, taste, market research, the resale, accountant, safeguards, has passed, the consumption, customer, clients, consumer, consumers.

1. … have the right to return faulty goods and demand a refund from the

supplier.

2. Prices of … goods have risen by an average of 3% in the last 3 month.

3. A good hairdresser never lacks ….

4. Please serve the next … before answering the phone.

5. … of alcohol in that country is high.

6. The government … new legislation concerning health and safety in factories.

7. The Consumer’s Association … the rights of the consumer.

8.We made money on … of our house.

9. My … prepares my tax returns every year.

10. … helped us design our products to sell better.

11. She has good … in clothes.

12. We … various towns before we decided where to buy a house.

 

Exercise 5. Answer the following sentences:

1.What do we call people who buying from other individuals or shop, pay for

services or order something from a company?

2. Who are the consumers?

3. What movement has emerged in the last 40 years?

4. What are the four basic rights of consumers?

5. Who investigates consumer tastes and with what purpose?

6. Whom do we call «clients»?

7. Do you think that it is necessary to protect the rights of the consumers?

Unit 23. Getting started in business

Active vocabulary

Make analytical market review робити аналітичний огляд ринку

draw up скласти (бізнес-план, контракт)

Fixed costs фіксовані витри

Variable costs змінні витрати

Profit прибуток

Revenue дохід

Suffer from losses терпіти збитки

1. Get organized. Decide what your skills are. Find out if there is a market for buyers in your area. Make analytical marker review of your product or services.

2. Decide what capital you need to start your business. Think about how to get the you can use your own money or you can ask the bank for a loan. If you get a loan, be sure you can afford to pay properly.

3. Draw up your business-plan.

4. Calculate your costs. First, work out your fixed costs, for example, the rent on your office or the interest on a loan. Then add your variable costs, for example, equipment or tax (if you pay it).

5. Work out how much to charge for your service. Find out what other people are charging and use this to set your own prices.

6. Think over promotion your product or services. What sort of advertisement will suit most of all.

7. Your profit is the amount of money you receive from selling your service. You need to calculate this very carefully. Your revenue is the number of hours worked multiplied by (x) the price per hour.

8. Your business will make profit а if your revenue for a year is more than your costs. If your costs are higher than the revenue, you'll suffer from your losses. Work out carefully the number of hours you need to work.

Exercise 1. Give the English for:

обдумувати, робити аналітичний огляд ринку, скласти, дізнатися, просити позику в банку, процентна ставка, розробити, покривати затрати, терпіти збитки, змінні витрати, фіксовані витрати, прибуток.

Exercise 2. Match an appropriate word-combinations:

interest, capital, make loss, fixed costs, profit, loan, revenue;

1. an amount of money you need to start a business;

2. the money you receive from selling a product or service;

3. what you make if your revenue is more than your costs;

4. what you make if your revenue is less than your costs;

5. an amount of money that someone, e.g. the bank lends you;

6. money you pay for things and services to run your business;

7. an amount you pay for borrowing money, e.g. from the bank.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions:

1. What is the most necessary for starting business?

2. Do you find a good idea to ask a loan from the bank?

3. Why is it important to make analytical market review?

4. What role does promotion play?

5. What is necessary to do to not suffer from losses?

 

Exercise 4. Read the elements of business plan and make up your own:

Business Plan Checklist

1. Details of the business:

Name of business

Types of business (limited company, partnership and etc.)

Product/service

Description

Market

Describe toy market.

Who are your customers?

Is your market growing, static, or decline?

Who are the main competitors?

What are the advantages of your product or service over the competition?

Marketing

What sort of marketing or advertisement do you intend to do?

Premises/ Machinery/ vehicles

Where do you intend to locate the business

What sort and size of premises will you need?

What machinery/vehicle do you require?

Objectives

What objectives do you have for the business?

Exercise 5. Work in pairs. Be prepared a report about an interview with the owner of a local business. Plan carefully in advance your interview. Ask the business owner questions such as:

1. What service does he/she sell?

2. What risks do you take in operating your own business?

3. What method do you use to compete with similar business for customers?

4. What training and experience should a person have before attempting to

start his or her own business?

5. How much capital did he/she put in business to start it?

6. What are his/her fixed and variable costs?

7. What price does he/she charge?

8. How many hours' work does cover his/her costs?

9. How much profit does he/she make?

Unit 24. Financing Business

Active Vocabulary

Internal funds внутрішні борги

External funds зовнішні борги

To meet one’s expenses покривати чиїсь витрати

Depreciation знецінення, зниження цін

To wear out зношуватися, спрацьовуватися

To cover the cost of smth. покрити вартість чого-небудь

Short-term loans короткострокова позика

Long-term loans довгострокова позика

The principal запозичена сума

Common stock спільні акції

Preferred stock привілейовані акції

To have voting rights мати право голосу

Security exchange фондова біржа

Default невиплата, невиконання

Договору

Mutual funds спільні фонди

Prospectus проспект емісії

Balance sheet балансовий звіт

Income statement звіт про прибуток

Assets актив

Liabilities пасив балансу, борги,

Заборгованість

Net worth вартість майна за винятком

Зобов’язань

Most money used by business comes from the sale of its products and services. Since these funds come from within the firm they are described as internal funds. The rest must come from outside, or external funds.

As a firm sells its products or services, it receives money, which it uses to meet its expenses. One of these expenses, depreciation, represents the cost of replacing assets (like tools, machinery, and buildings)that wear out. Typically, business use internalfunds to cover the cost ofdepreciation.

Business loans are generally classified as either short-term or long-term loans. Forshort-term loans, the principal (the amount borrowed) must be repaired within one year. Long-term loans mature (come due) in more than a year.

Short-term loans are used to finance the everyday costs of doing business, such as payrolls, raw material and merchandise. Long-term loans are more likely to be used to purchase equipment, buildings and other high cost items.

All corporations issue common stock; some, however, also issue preferred stock. Unlike common stockholders, preferred stockholders usually do not have voting rights.

A security exchange is a market where brokers meet to buy and sell stock and bonds for their customers.

The largest of the securities exchanges are the New York Stock Exchange and the American Stock Exchange.

There is some risk of default (failure to pay interest or principal) on the bonds ofeven the strongest corporations. For this reason many people invest in mutual funds. mutual funds are corporations that sell stock and use the proceeds to invest or speculate in the security markets.

Two of the most important pieces of information contained in every prospectus and annual report are the balance sheet and the income statement. The balance sheetsummarizes a corporation’s assets, what it owns; its liabilities; what it owes; and its net worth, the difference between the two sums at a given time. The income statement summarizes a firm’s revenues, costs, and difference between the two (profit and loss) over a period of time.

Exercise 1. Give the English equivalents:

покрити вартість чого-небудь, пасив (балансу), балансовий звіт, довгострокова позика, невиплата, запозичена сума, фондова біржа, привілейовані акції, актив (балансу), внутрішні борги, мати право голосу.

 

Exercise 2. Write an appropriate word-phrase into sentence:

“investors”, capital, money, net worth, customers, bonds, a security exchange, long-term financing;

1. … is the difference between assets and liabilities.

2. Similarly, firms need … to begin operation, to meet their day-to-day expenses and to expand.

3. … charge purchases to their accounts for payment at a later date.

4. … is money that will be used for a year or more.

5. Many large corporations raise long-term capital through the sale of their ….

6. Corporations sell stocks and bonds as a way of raising ….

7. … is a market where brokers meet to buy and sell stocks and bonds for their customers.

8. Those who buy stocks to share in the profits and growth of a corporation over a long period of time are described as ….

Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:

1. Where does most of the money used by business come from?

2. What do we call internal funds?

3. What does depreciation represent?

4. What remains after paying expenses?

5. How do you understand the term «external funds»?

6. What can the firm do to get more money?

7. What rights have common stockholders?

8. What is the difference between common and preferred stockholders?

9. What is the reason for investing in mutual funds?

10. How do you read a balance sheet and income statement?

 

Exercise 4. Translate into English:

1. Найбільша кількість грошей, що використовується бізнесом, надходить з продажу продукції та різних послуг.

2. Оскільки фірма продає товари або послуги, вона одер­жує гроші та використовує їх з метою покриття своїх ви­трат.

3. Бізнесові позики зазвичай класифікуються як довгострокові та короткострокові.

4. Короткострокові пози­ки використовуються для фінансування повсякденних вартостей для створення фірми (справи), таких як платіжні відомості, сировина, товари.

5. Довгострокові позики існують для купівлі обладнання, будинків та інших цінних предметів.

6. Фондова біржа — це ринок, де зустрічаються посеред­ники для купівлі й продажу акцій та облігацій своїм клієнтам.

7. Чи існує певний ризик невиплати за облігаціями найсильніших корпорацій?

8. На відміну від власників спільних акцій, власники привілейованих акцій не мають права голо­су.

9. Спільні фонди — це корпорації, що купують акції та використовують виручені суми для інвестування або гри на фондових біржах.

10. Звіт про прибуток підбиває підсумки річного прибутку, вартості фірми та різниці між прибут­ком і збитком.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the following dialog:

T.:	Do you know anything about John Say and his works?
S.:	As far as I remember, an admirer of Adam Smith, John Baptiste Say's «Treatise on Political Economy» (1803) helped to introduce «The Wealth of Nations» to his native France. In the course of explaining Smith's theories and the role of markets in satisfying human wants, his statement came to be known as Say's Law.
T.:	So, according to Say's Law, «production creates its own demand», in other words, people produce and sell goods and services in order to buy the things they want.
S.:	No doubt. And if buyers no longer want certain products, sellers will stop producing them and shift into something that is in demand.
Т.:	Now, if only those goods and services actually in demand are produced, and the income received from the sale of those products is ultimately used by managers and workers to buy the things they want and need, it follows that supply created its own demand.
S.:	Can we say in other words: there could be no such thing as overproduction, or long-term unemployment?
Т.:	Temporary overproduction and unemployment, yes. Long term, never. When was Say's Law put to rest?
S.:	The onset of the Great Depression of the 1930-s with its widespread unemployment and overproduction that dragged on for years, finally put Say's Law to rest.
T.:	Although some economists continued to agree with Say that «in the long run», the market would bring supply, demand and unemployment into balance, most agreed with the British economist J.M. Keynes who pointed out that «in the long run we are all dead».
S.:	By that he meant pressing problems require immediate attention. Besides they couldn't wait for long-term solutions.