Translate the sentences into English using the words you learned.

1) Все живые организмы либо, как многоклеточные животные, растения и грибы, состоят из множества клеток, либо, как многие простейшие и бактерии, являются

одноклеточными организмами.

2) Антибиотики подавляют рост бактерий и других микробов, а также вирусов и клеток.

3) Генетический код — свойственный всем живым организмам способ кодирования аминокислотной последовательности белков при помощи последовательности нуклеотидов.

4) В настоящее время существуют различные способы ликвидации разливов нефти на почву, такие как, механические, физико-химические, агротехнические и биологические. 5) Гормоны есть у всех млекопитающих, включая человека.

6) Биотехнология производит лекарственные препараты из трупных ядов, обычно считающихся опасными химическими веществами.

7) Ключевую роль в исследовании трансгенных растений играют последние открытия.

8) Развитие фармацевтического сектора указывает на увеличение открытий в сфере фармацевтики.

3. Give detailed answers to the questions.

1) What does the term ‘biotechnology’ consist of?

2) Can you count the areas of biotechnology?

3) Is biotechnology a new science or not? Give facts to prove it.

4) What is classical and modern biotechnology?

5) When did modern biotechnology begin?

6) What is bioinformatics? What is its role?

7) What biotechnology applies to agricultural processes?

8) What can green biotechnology design?

9) What does red biotechnology deal with?

10) Give the examples of industrial biotechnology using?

11) What does blue biotechnology deal with?

Write out the sentences expressing the main ideas of each logical part of the text.

Write a summary of the text in your own words making use of plan and the sentences you’ve written out.

Orally enlarge this summary and retell the text.

Test your knowledge in biotechnology. Choose the correct answer.

1. The vector (DNA carrier) we used to put the glowing gene into the bacteria is called a…

a) Chromosome

b) Virus

c) Pipet

d) Plasmid

2. During a gel electrophoresis experiment, the small segment of DNA will move….

a) Backwards

b) Fast

c) Slow

d) Sideways

3. What tool do you use in lab to take very small samples of a liquid?

a) A beaker

b) A graduated cylinder

c) A micropipette

d) Safety glasses

4. In electrophoresis, where do the DNA samples go?

a) Straight up into the air

b) They move through the gel

c) Nowhere

d) Into a micropipette

5. What do you need to use so that you can estimate the size of the DNA bands?

a) A micropipette

b) A meter stick

c) An electronic balance

d) A DNA standard

6. When doing gel electrophoresis, how do you know that your gel is running and the electricity is on?

a) You see bubbles

b) You see sparks

c) You hear a noise

d) The light flashes

7. What makes the DNA move during gel electrophoresis?

a) Electricity

b) Gravity

c) Water

d) Wind

8. All the cells in your body have the same DNA, even though they do not look the same or have the same job.

a) True b) False

9. Stem sells can be found in your heart.

a) True b) False

10. DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify a criminal.

a) True b) False

11.The DNA for the glowing gene came from:

a) Bacteria

b) Octopus

c) Fireflies

d) Jellyfish

e) Glow worms

12. A small piece of extra DNA found in bacteria is called…

a) Chromosome

b) Base pair

c) Double helix

d) Plasmid

e) Nucleus

13. The letter PCR stands for…

a) Pretty cool reaction

b) Polymerase chain reaction

c) Partly complete RNA

d) Partly complete reaction

e) Pure chain reaction

14. GEP (green fluorescent protein) makes jellyfish….

a) Reproduce

b) Glow

c) Shrink

d) Bigger

e) sleepy

Read this text and translate it.

Medical biotechnology

Medical biotechnology is the use of living cell materials to research and produce pharmaceutical and diagnostic products that help to treat and prevent humane diseases. Most medical biotechnologists work in academic of industrial settings.

Medical and pharmaceutical biotechnology can speed diagnosis, prevention, and certain therapies. Biotech medicine includes the creation of new vaccines, neutraceuticals, cosmetics with active biological ingredients, and medicines from transgenic animals and plants.

Due to the new basis, lack of experience and ignorance, the implementation of results of some areas of biotechnology (such as about stem cells, genetic enhancement, cell cloning, testing of new drugs in developing nations, controls of transgenic crops, and

international regulation and enforcement) met severe resistance of society. Recombinant DNA and hybridoma technologies have been applied long time ago for manufacturing of rare and unique drugs (mainly protein) for human and veterinary medicine.

Presently more than 150 recombinant proteins are approved or are in clinical trials for medical use.

Biotechnology met new challenges after the year 2000 when the human genome was sequenced. Although the function of 95% of the human 31 000 genes is still obscure, they all are of potential interest for the pharmaceutical biotechnology. The sequencing of human genome laid the foundations of a new branch of biotechnology called “genomic technologies”. They include not only sequencing of new genes and genomes but also development of molecular(DNA and RNA) markers and microarray chips

for detecting mutant genes and methods for specific gene silencing (suppression) and/or repair of defective genes for the purposes of gene therapy.

The fields of application of modern biotechnology techniques are medicines, vaccines, diagnostics, gene therapy, bioactive therapeutic, clinical and contract research and neutraceuticals.

13. Give Russian equivalents for the following words:

powerful techniques, recombinant DNA, hybridoma technologies, fermentation technologies, natural materials, achievements of genetic and cell engineering, medical and pharmaceutical biotechnology, diagnosis, prevention, biotech medicine, creation of new vaccines, active biological ingredients, transgenic animals and plants, stem cells, genetic enhancement, cell cloning, veterinary medicine, recombinant proteins, human genome, pharmaceutical biotechnology, genomic technologies, development of molecular markers and microarray chips, gene therapy, bioactive therapeutic.