Authentic and certified translations

• Authentic (apostiled) translation In some cases, the signature and work of the above mentioned translators needs to be authenticated. You generally only need apostille translators for marriage, divorce, and some citizenship documents.

• Certified translation is one of the most common translation types we deal with. Really, a “certified” translation is any translated document that’s verified by a translator to be accurate. Thus, a certified document can be anything, like a birth certificate or a letter from a family member.

 

Genre and style characteristics

Scientific

Journalistic

Literary

Juridical

Economical

 

Fullness and mode of rendering of the text

Shortened

Fragmented

Aspectual

Annotated

Abstract

• Shortened translation: only the main content is rendered

• Fragmented translation: only parts of the text is rendered

• Aspectual translation: translation is made in accordance with a certain aspect.

• Annotated translation: translation which contains only the main theme, subject and target of ST.

• Abstract translation: the main content of ST is represented in details.

 

The main pragmatic functions

Working

Editorial

Published

Training

Experimental

Standard

• Working translation: a raw draft of the translated text which needs to be corrected.

• Editorial translation: the translated text which is intended for publication.

• Published translation: the practical or training translation which is published.

• Training translation is used for teaching translators.

• Experimental translation is made for research purpose.

• Standard translation is made as a pattern.

9. Originality / unoriginality of ST

Direct

Oblique

Reverse

• Direct translation is made immediately from the original text.

• Oblique translation is not made from the original directly, but from other translation (for example, the Ostroh Bible which was translated from the Greek translation).

• Reverse translation is made TT back to ST; as usual, for training or research aims.

 

Type of adequacy

- semantically and stylistically correct translation

- pragmatically and desired adequate translations

Translational Techniques (8)

Jean-Paul Vinay andJean Darbelnet about translation techniques

Vinay and Darbelnet view equivalence-oriented translation as a procedure which 'replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording' (1995, p. 342). They also suggest that, if this procedure is applied during the translation process, it can maintain the stylistic impact of the SL text in the TL text.

 

The process of translation

The categories used to analyze translations allow us to study the way translation works. These categories are related to text, context and process.

Textual categories describe mechanisms of coherence, cohesion and thematic progression.

Contextual categories introduce all the extra-textual elements related to the context of source text and translation production.

Process categories are designed to answer two basic questions:

1. Which option has the translator chosen to carry out the translation project, i.e., which method has been chosen?

2. How has the translator solved the problems that have emerged during the translation process, i.e., which strategies have been chosen?

 

Translational techniques

1) Direct techniques: Borrowing, Calque, Literal Translation

2) Oblique techniques: Transposition, Modulation, Reformulation or Equivalence, Adaptation, Compensation

Borrowing

Borrowing is the taking of words directly from one language into another without translation. Many English words are "borrowed" into other languages, and vice versa – many words from other languages became a part of English lexicon.

Why have many foreign words been borrowed in English and Ukrainian from other languages? This phenomenon may be explained with the history, first of all.

1. Some items (belonging to weapon, agriculture or technique) appeared originally among certain nations and were called by them originally.

2. In the Middle Ages was a tradition to call new inventions by Latin words.

For example,

• Most of medical terms have Greek or Latin origin: asthenia (ασθενεια), pneumonia (πνευμονία), therapy (θεραπεία), oculist (oculus), scalpel (scalpellum).

• Some kinds of weapon which were invented by other nations: yataghan (Turk. yatagan), saber (Tat. chab a la), arbalest (Old French arbaleste, from Late Latin arcuballista).

• Musk and sugar from Sanskrit (mushká and śarkarā).

English also borrowed numerous words from other languages; abbot from Aramaic (abbā́); café, passé and résumé from French; hamburger and kindergarten from German, etc.

 

When borrowings are good in translation:

• If they stand for items which were called originally by these (foreign) words, and we do not have equivalents for them in TL.

• If we want to give a historical or ethnic flavour to the translation (in the literary texts mainly).

However, in some cases ‘historical’ and ‘foreign’ words may be substituted with their equivalents in the target language.

For example, in spite of the fact, that a computer was originally named with English word, in modern Hebrew it is called by the calque maḥšēḇ; similarly, the word ‘tram’ (this kind of transport appeared in Europe, so it’s name originates from Low German traam – beam) is replaced with ḥašmā́l ([electric] shining). But in Ukrainian we use the borrowed words!