Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744 – 1803)

He consequently demanded that all translators of prose and poetic works render strictly, fully and faithfully not only the richness of content, but also the stylistic peculiarities, the artistic beauty and the spirit of the source language works. His resolute criticism of the unrestricted freedom of translation and verbalism found strong support among the most outstanding German poets such as Gothe and Schiller among other prominent authors.

 

Translations in Kyiv-Mohyla Academia

• Translations from Greek: works of Gregory Naziazinus (by D. Nalyvaiko)

• Translations from Latin: writings of L. Seneca (by K. Sakovych); “Dioptra” of Ph. Monotrop (by Vitaliy)

• Translations from Italian: poems of Torquato Tasso (by P. Kokhanowsky), G. Boccaccio's short stories from his Decameron.

 

In Ukraine, free sense-to-sense translation in the second half of the eighteenth century was occasionally employed by H. Skovoroda (in his translations from the Latin).

• Ода (Jesuitae Sidronii Hosii)

• Цицерон. О старости

• Книжечка Плутархова о спокойствии души

Petro Hulak-Artemovs’ky (1790-1865) translated into Russian works of J. Russo, J. Milton, Horace and fragments from the Bible.

An example of free rendering Vergil’s Aeneid into Ukrainian by Ivan Kotliarevsky (1798): he created the travesty translation from the Latin original.

 

The most famous Ukrainian translators:

• Maxim Ryl’s’ky (1895-1964) – from English, French, Russian, Polish

• Les’ Kurbas (1887-1937)

• Borys Ten (1897-1983) – from Greek, German and English

• Grygoriy Kochur (1908-1994) from English,French, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, Estonian,Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish

• Mykola Bazhan (1904-1983) – from Georgian, Uzbekian, Polish and Russian

• Andriy Sodomora (born in 1937) – from Greek and Latin

 

The Period of Translation Studies (since 1950s)
What is translation studies?

• Translation studies is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of translation, interpreting and localization.

• A new discipline concerned with “the complex of problems clustered round the phenomenon of translating and translations” (James S. Holmes, ‘The Name and Nature of Translation Studies’, 1972).

As an interdiscipline, translation studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation:

• Comparative literature

• History

• Linguistics

• Philology

• Philosophy

• Semiotics

 

Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet theory

During the 1950s and 1960s, systematic linguistic-oriented studies of translation began to appear. In 1958, Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet carried out a contrastive comparison of French and English in Quebec.

Vinay, Jean-Paul and J.Darbelnet. 1958/1995. Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

 

Theory of translation has been developed by Eugen Nida (1914-2011)

In 1964, Eugene Nida published Toward a Science of Translating, a manual for Bible translation influenced to some extent by Chomsky's generative grammar.

 

In 1965, John C. Catford theorized translation from a linguistic perspective.

Catford, J.C., (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Longman.

In the 1960s and early 1970s, the Czech scholar Jiří Levý and the Slovak scholars Anton Popovič and František Miko worked on the stylists of literary translation.

Levý, Jiří (1967). Translation as a Decision Process.

In To Honor Roman Jakobson. The Hague: Mouton, II, pp. 1171–1182.

 

In this course the following topics will be considered:

• Equivalence in translation

• Different types of translation

• Importance of communicative context

• Lexical aspects of translation

• Grammar aspects of translation

• Syntactic aspects of translation

• Stages of translation

TYPES AND LEVELS OF EQUIVALENCE (4-5)