Unit 2 Engineering design process 11

Unit 3 Engineering drawing 18

Unit 4 Materials science and engineering 26

Unit 5 Metals 33

Unit 6 Properties of metals 41

Unit 7 Plastics 48

Unit 8 Machine tools 55

Unit 9 Metalworking processes 62

Unit 10 Engines and transmissions 69

Supplementary texts 76

Speaking and writing assignments 91

Appendices 96

References 107

Unit 1

Задание I

1. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:

Economic, social, practical, technology, mechanical, discipline, physics, construction, motor, electronic, element, system, theory, material, company, component

 

2. Прочитайте следующий текст:

ENGINEERING, ITS BRANCHES AND FUNCTIONS

 

Engineering is the application of scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge in order to design, build, and maintain structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes. It may encompass using insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate solution to a problem or objective. The discipline of engineering is extremely broad and encompasses a range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of technology and types of application.

Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern definition of engineering, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects.

Engineering is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with different areas of engineering work. Although initially an engineer will usually be trained in a specific discipline, throughout an engineer’s career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked in several of the outlined areas. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches:

- Chemical engineering - The application of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering principles in order to carry out chemical processes on a commercial scale.

- Civil engineering - The design and construction of public and private works such as infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, water supply and treatment etc.), bridges, dams, and buildings.

- Electrical engineering - The design and study of various electrical and electronic systems such as electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications, instrumentation, controls, and electronics.

- Mechanical engineering - The design of physical or mechanical systems such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation products engines, compressors, powertrains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and vibration isolation equipment.

Engineering functions

Research. Using mathematical and scientific concepts, experimental techniques, and inductive reasoning, the research engineer seeks new principles and processes. Research jobs often involve starting with an idea or a need. Theories are formulated, tested and prototyped. Jobs in research can be found at universities, national laboratories as well as private institutions and corporations.

Development. Development engineers apply the results of research to useful purposes. Creative application of new knowledge may result in a working model of a new electrical circuit, a chemical process, or an industrial machine.

Design. In designing a structure or a product, the engineer selects methods, specifies materials, and determines shapes to satisfy technical requirements and to meet performance specifications.

In design and development, the results of research are applied to practical problems. The term ‘development’ refers to the early stages of a project. The term ‘design’ refers more to the later stages of a project when the basic methodology is established. In some companies, research and development are combined.

Construction. The construction engineer is responsible for preparing the site, determining procedures that will economically and safely yield the desired quality, directing the placement of materials, and organizing the personnel and equipment.

Production. Plant layout and equipment selection are the responsibility of the production engineer, who chooses processes and tools, integrates the flow of materials and components, and provides for testing and inspection. Although usually not directly in charge of production personnel, engineers are responsible for solving problems associated with the manufacturing process.

Operation. The operating engineer controls machines, plants, and organizations providing power, transportation, and communication; determines procedures; and supervises personnel to obtain reliable and economic operation of complex equipment.

Testing and evaluation can take place in the laboratory or in the field, often working with equipment, software, systems and the end users. Those who are involved in testing are not the designers.

Management. In some countries and industries, engineers analyze customers’ requirements, recommend units to satisfy needs economically, and resolve related problems. Management jobs often require elements of leadership, planning, coordination, supervision; working with staff, budgets and administration.

Maintenance and Service. Engineering and technical jobs concerned with operations - maintaining and making modifications to hardware and systems.

Problem solving is common to all engineering work. The problem may involve quantitative or qualitative factors; it may be physical or economic; it may require abstract mathematics or common sense. Of great importance is the process of creative synthesis or design, putting ideas together to create a new and optimum solution.

 

3. Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

engineering	инженерное дело, инженерное искусство
device	устройство, прибор
invention	изобретение
branch	отрасль
equipment	оборудование
research	исследование
development	разработка, развитие
design	проект, проектирование
software	программное обеспечение
operation	эксплуатация
evaluation	оценка
maintenance	техническое обслуживание
hardware	аппаратное обеспечение

Задание II

1. Определите по формальным признакам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их:

Scientific, construction, themselves, initially, experimental, useful, industrial, responsibility, modification, quantitative

2. Заполните следующую таблицу:

Verb	Noun
supervise
	solution
require
apply
	maintenance
	selection
organize
develop
	building
	specification

Задание III

1. Подберите эквиваленты к глаголам, обозначенным цифрами:

1. conceive	a) применять
2. carry out	b) b) определять
3. establish	c) замышлять, формулировать
4. apply	d) обеспечивать
5. seek	e) получать
6. involve	f) искать
7. determine	g) создавать
8. require	h) включать, предусматривать
9. provide	i) выполнять
10. obtain	j) требовать

2. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

1. encompass insights	a) давать качество
2. develop tools	b) охватывать идеи
3. satisfy requirements	c) решать задачи
4. yield quality	d) контролировать рабочие кадры
5. solve problems	e) создавать решение
6. supervise personnel	f) разрабатывать инструменты
7. create a solution	g) удовлетворять требованиям

3. Составьте синонимичные пары:

1. devise	a) satisfy
2. control	b) select
3. choose	c) create
4. apply	d) responsible for
5. in charge of	e) supervise
6. production	f) field
7. meet	g) manufacturing
8. branch	h) exploit

4. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова:

engineers, production, needs, fields, factors, civil

1. The discipline of engineering includes a range of more specialized ….

2. … engineering involves design and construction of private and public works.

3. The … engineer is responsible for choosing processes, materials and components.

4. In some countries and industries, … analyze customers’ requirements and try to meet their ….

5. The engineering problem may involve quantitative or qualitative….

 

Задание IV