Unit 1 Engineering, its branches and functions 4

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебное пособие

для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы

студентов I-II курсов ММФ

 

 

Йошкар-Ола

ПГТУ

 

УДК 811.111 (07)

ББК 81.2.Англ - 9

А 71

 

 

Рецензенты:

 

кандидат педагогических наук, доцент ПГТУ О.И. Чередниченко;

 

Печатается по решению

редакционно-издательского совета ПГТУ

 

А 71 Английский язык: для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы

студентов I-II курсов ММФ/ сост. К.Т. Парулава. – Йошкар-Ола: Поволжский государственный технологический университет, 2013. – 107с.

 

 

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов I-II курсов ММФ очной формы обучения. Цель пособия – развитие навыков чтения, понимания и перевода научных текстов, формирование лексических и грамматических навыков, а также навыков устной и письменной речи на английском языке у студентов технических специальностей.

 

 

УДК 811.112:81'271(07)

ББК 81.2. Англ. -9

 

 

© Поволжский государственный

технологический университет, 2013

Contents

Unit 1 Engineering, its branches and functions 4

Unit 2 Engineering design process 11

Unit 3 Engineering drawing 18

Unit 4 Materials science and engineering 26

Unit 5 Metals 33

Unit 6 Properties of metals 41

Unit 7 Plastics 48

Unit 8 Machine tools 55

Unit 9 Metalworking processes 62

Unit 10 Engines and transmissions 69

Supplementary texts 76

Speaking and writing assignments 91

Appendices 96

References 107

Unit 1

Задание I

1. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:

Economic, social, practical, technology, mechanical, discipline, physics, construction, motor, electronic, element, system, theory, material, company, component

 

2. Прочитайте следующий текст:

Engineering functions

Research. Using mathematical and scientific concepts, experimental techniques, and inductive reasoning, the research engineer seeks new principles and processes. Research jobs often involve starting with an idea or a need. Theories are formulated, tested and prototyped. Jobs in research can be found at universities, national laboratories as well as private institutions and corporations.

Development. Development engineers apply the results of research to useful purposes. Creative application of new knowledge may result in a working model of a new electrical circuit, a chemical process, or an industrial machine.

Design. In designing a structure or a product, the engineer selects methods, specifies materials, and determines shapes to satisfy technical requirements and to meet performance specifications.

In design and development, the results of research are applied to practical problems. The term ‘development’ refers to the early stages of a project. The term ‘design’ refers more to the later stages of a project when the basic methodology is established. In some companies, research and development are combined.

Construction. The construction engineer is responsible for preparing the site, determining procedures that will economically and safely yield the desired quality, directing the placement of materials, and organizing the personnel and equipment.

Production. Plant layout and equipment selection are the responsibility of the production engineer, who chooses processes and tools, integrates the flow of materials and components, and provides for testing and inspection. Although usually not directly in charge of production personnel, engineers are responsible for solving problems associated with the manufacturing process.

Operation. The operating engineer controls machines, plants, and organizations providing power, transportation, and communication; determines procedures; and supervises personnel to obtain reliable and economic operation of complex equipment.

Testing and evaluation can take place in the laboratory or in the field, often working with equipment, software, systems and the end users. Those who are involved in testing are not the designers.

Management. In some countries and industries, engineers analyze customers’ requirements, recommend units to satisfy needs economically, and resolve related problems. Management jobs often require elements of leadership, planning, coordination, supervision; working with staff, budgets and administration.

Maintenance and Service. Engineering and technical jobs concerned with operations - maintaining and making modifications to hardware and systems.

Problem solving is common to all engineering work. The problem may involve quantitative or qualitative factors; it may be physical or economic; it may require abstract mathematics or common sense. Of great importance is the process of creative synthesis or design, putting ideas together to create a new and optimum solution.

 

3. Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

engineering	инженерное дело, инженерное искусство
device	устройство, прибор
invention	изобретение
branch	отрасль
equipment	оборудование
research	исследование
development	разработка, развитие
design	проект, проектирование
software	программное обеспечение
operation	эксплуатация
evaluation	оценка
maintenance	техническое обслуживание
hardware	аппаратное обеспечение

Задание II

1. Определите по формальным признакам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их:

Scientific, construction, themselves, initially, experimental, useful, industrial, responsibility, modification, quantitative

2. Заполните следующую таблицу:

Verb	Noun
supervise
	solution
require
apply
	maintenance
	selection
organize
develop
	building
	specification

Задание III

1. Подберите эквиваленты к глаголам, обозначенным цифрами:

1. conceive	a) применять
2. carry out	b) b) определять
3. establish	c) замышлять, формулировать
4. apply	d) обеспечивать
5. seek	e) получать
6. involve	f) искать
7. determine	g) создавать
8. require	h) включать, предусматривать
9. provide	i) выполнять
10. obtain	j) требовать

2. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

1. encompass insights	a) давать качество
2. develop tools	b) охватывать идеи
3. satisfy requirements	c) решать задачи
4. yield quality	d) контролировать рабочие кадры
5. solve problems	e) создавать решение
6. supervise personnel	f) разрабатывать инструменты
7. create a solution	g) удовлетворять требованиям

3. Составьте синонимичные пары:

1. devise	a) satisfy
2. control	b) select
3. choose	c) create
4. apply	d) responsible for
5. in charge of	e) supervise
6. production	f) field
7. meet	g) manufacturing
8. branch	h) exploit

4. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова:

engineers, production, needs, fields, factors, civil

1. The discipline of engineering includes a range of more specialized ….

2. … engineering involves design and construction of private and public works.

3. The … engineer is responsible for choosing processes, materials and components.

4. In some countries and industries, … analyze customers’ requirements and try to meet their ….

5. The engineering problem may involve quantitative or qualitative….

 

Задание IV

Задание V

 

1. Определите, какие из данных утверждений истинны, а какие ложны:

 

1. Early inventions such as the wheel are consistent with the modern definition of engineering.

2. Civil engineering deals with electrical and electronic systems.

3. The term ‘development’ refers to the later stages of a project.

4. The operating engineer is responsible for supervising personnel’s activities.

5. Design and testing are carried out by the same person.

6. The process of creative synthesis helps create a new and optimum solution.

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

 

1. What is engineering?

2. What branches does engineering consist of?

3. What are main functions of engineering?

4. What is the construction engineer responsible for?

5. What do management jobs often require?

 

Задание VI

Unit 2

Задание I

1. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:

Process, mathematics, portion, analysis, information, literature, document, expert, method, configuration

2. Прочитайте следующий текст:

ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS

The engineering design process is a formulation of a plan or scheme to assist an engineer in creating a product. The engineering design is defined as component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision making process (often iterative) in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective.

Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing and evaluation. The engineering design process is a multi-step process including the research, conceptualization, feasibility assessment, establishing design requirements, preliminary design, detailed design, production planning and tool design, and finally production.

Research. A significant amount of time is spent on research, or locating information. Consideration should be given to the existing applicable literature, problems and successes associated with existing solutions, costs, and marketplace needs. The source of information should be relevant, including existing solutions. Reverse engineering can be an effective technique if other solutions are available on the market. Other sources of information include the Internet, local libraries, available government documents, personal organizations, trade journals, vendor catalogs and individual experts available.

Conceptualization. Once an engineering issue is clearly defined, solutions must be identified. These solutions can be found by using ideation, or the mental process by which ideas are generated. The following are the most widely used techniques:

trigger word - a word or phrase associated with the issue at hand is stated, and subsequent words and phrases are evoked. For example, to move something from one place to another may evoke run, swim, roll, etc.

morphological chart - independent design characteristics are listed in a chart, and different engineering solutions are proposed for each solution. Normally, a preliminary sketch and short report accompany the morphological chart.

synectics - the engineer imagines him or herself as the item and asks, "What would I do if I were the system?" This unconventional method of thinking may find a solution to the problem at hand.

brainstorming - this popular method involves thinking of different ideas and adopting these ideas in some form as a solution to the problem.

Once an engineering issue is clearly defined, solutions must be identified. These solutions can be found by using ideation, or the mental process by which ideas are generated.

Feasibility assessment. The purpose of a feasibility assessment is to determine whether the engineer's project can proceed into the design phase. This is based on two criteria: the project needs to be based on an achievable idea, and it needs to be within cost constraints. It is of utmost importance to have an engineer with experience and good judgment to be involved in this portion of the feasibility study, for they know whether the engineer's project is possible or not.

Establishing the design requirements. Establishing design requirements is one of the most important elements in the design process, and this task is normally performed at the same time as the feasibility analysis. The design requirements control the design of the project throughout the engineering design process. Some design requirements include hardware and software parameters, maintainability, availability, and testability.

Preliminary design. The preliminary design bridges the gap between the design concept and the detailed design phase. In this task, the overall system configuration is defined, and schematics, diagrams, and layouts of the project will provide early project configuration. During detailed design and optimization, the parameters of the part being created will change, but the preliminary design focuses on creating the general framework to build the project on.

Detailed design. The detailed design portion of the engineering design process is the task where the engineer can completely describe a product through solid modeling and drawings. Some specifications include:

- Operating parameters

- Operating and non-operating environmental stimuli

- Test requirements

- External dimensions

- Maintenance and testability provisions

- Materials requirements

- Reliability requirements

- External surface treatment

- Design life

- Packaging requirements

- External marking

Production planning and tool design. The production planning and tool design is nothing more than planning how to mass-produce the project and which tools should be used in the manufacturing of the part. Tasks to complete in this step include selecting the material, selection of the production processes, determination of the sequence of operations, and selection of tools, such as jigs, fixtures, and tooling. This task also involves testing a working prototype to ensure the created part meets qualification standards.

Production. With the completion of qualification testing and prototype testing, the engineering design process is finalized. The part must now be manufactured, and the machines must be inspected regularly to make sure that they do not break down and slow production.

 

3. Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

feasibility	осуществимость, реализуемость
ideation	формирование идей
sketch	эскиз
synectics	поиск творческих идей
brainstorming	мозговой штурм
experience	опыт
maintainability	ремонтопригодность
layout	план, расположение
dimensions	размеры, габариты
treatment	обработка
marking	маркировка
sequence	последовательность
prototype	опытный, производственный образец

Задание II

1. Определите по формальным признакам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их:

Conceptualization, significant, applicable, available, government, mental, importance, testability, completely, reliability, external, fixture

 

2. Прочитайте следующие существительные и определите, от каких глаголов они образованы:

Assessment, consideration, judgment, configuration, optimization, provision, determination, qualification

Задание III

1. Подберите эквиваленты к глаголам, обозначенным цифрами:

1. proceed (into)	a) выполнять
2. identify	b) производить
3. generate	с) определять, выявлять
4. perform	d) обеспечивать
5. focus on	e) завершать
6. describe	f) переходить
7. ensure	g) проверять, производить осмотр
8. finalize	h) описывать
9. manufacture	i) сосредотачиваться
10. inspect	j) создавать

2. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

1. принятие решений	a) feasibility assessment
2. потребности рынка	b) decision making
3. обратное проектирование	c) design life
4. оценка осуществимости	d) environmental stimulus
5. ограничение на расходы	e) reverse engineering
6. моделирование объемных объектов	f) cost constraint
7. экологический стимул	g) marketplace needs
8. проектный срок службы	h) solid modeling

Задание IV

Задание V

 

1. Определите, какие из данных утверждений истинны, а какие ложны:

 

1. The engineering design process must be started with research.

2. Reverse engineering cannot be done if other solutions are available on the market.

3. Synectics cannot be used at the stage of conceptualization.

4. The design requirements are normally established in parallel with the feasibility analysis.

5. During detailed design the general project framework is created.

6. Engineers use solid modeling and drawings to completely describe a product.

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

 

1. What are the fundamental elements of the design process?

2. What should be taken into consideration during the research stage?

3. What are the most widely used techniques of conceptualization?

4. What are the feasibility assessment criteria?

5. What are main specifications for the detail design?

6. What tasks should be completed at the production planning stage?

 

Задание VI

Unit 3

Задание I

1. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:

Technical, profession, projection, detail, transportation, mass, contract, geometry, position, code, plan

ENGINEERING DRAWING

Engineering Drawing is a graphical language used by engineers and other technical personnel associated with the engineering profession. The purpose of engineering drawing is to convey graphically the ideas and information necessary for the construction or analysis of machines, structures, or systems.

A drawing of an object is prepared to define its shape and to specify its size. The shape description is based on projection and the size description on dimensioning. Every drawing must give its complete size description stating length, width, thickness, diameter of holes, grooves, angles, etc. and such other details relating to its construction. To give all those measurements and information describing the size of the object in the drawing is called dimensioning.

Drawing of very big objects cannot be prepared in full size because these would be too big to accommodate on the drawing sheet. Drawings of very small objects also cannot be prepared in full size because these would be too small to draw and to read. A convenient scale is chosen to prepare the drawings of big as well as small objects in proportionately smaller or larger size. Therefore, scales are used to prepare a drawing at a full size (1:1.), reduced size (1:50) or enlarged size (20:1).

There are a number of drawing types associated with the mechanical engineering design process.

Assembly Drawings

The assembly /sub-assembly drawings are drawings of discrete sub-systems showing in some detail how the component items fit together. Typical assembly drawings include gearbox drawings, roller drawings, guard system drawings.

The assembly drawing will generally include at least three orthographic views with sections as needed to clearly show all of the details and their relative positions. Overall and detail dimensions will be shown. The weight/mass of the assembly/sub-assembly will be noted. The drawing will include a parts list identifying all of the component details with quantities and materials and supply details. The assembly drawing will include a list of reference drawings and notes identifying the relevant codes and specifications and testing requirements.

Detail Drawings

All individual items required to produce mechanical equipment need to be described in some detail to ensure that they are manufactured in accordance with the designers’ requirements. Proprietary items are selected from technical data sheets obtained from manufacturer /supplier. Items manufactured specifically for the application need to be made to detail drawings which include the geometry, material, heat treatment requirements, surface texture, size tolerances, geometric tolerances etc.
The detail drawing should include all of the necessary information to enable procurement, manufacture and should identify all of the relevant codes and standards. The item weight/mass should also be included for reference. Depending on the level of detail, a detail drawing can comprise one drawing on a sheet or a number of separate drawings on one sheet. It is sometimes possible to combine the detail drawings onto the assembly drawing.

Fabrication Drawings

The fabrication drawing is a specific type of detail drawing. Some fabrication drawings are virtually assembly drawing e.g. when a number of items are assembled together as a fabrication. The fabrication drawing generally includes a material parts list identifying all of the materials used to build up the fabrication. All of the materials should be identified in accordance with the relevant standards and codes.

Задание II

1. Определите по формальным признакам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их:

Description, thickness, convenient, relevant, relative, reference, texture, traditionally, dimension, normally

2. Прочитайте следующие существительные и определите, от каких глаголов они образованы:

Measurement, installation, treatment, procurement, fabrication, arrangement, projection, assembly

Задание III

1. Подберите эквиваленты к глаголам, обозначенным цифрами:

1. convey	a) изображать
2. accommodate	b) пропускать
3. produce	c) раскрывать
4. comprise	d) представлять
5. assemble	e) делать возможным
6. enable	f) передавать
7. depict	g) производить
8. reveal	h) размещать
9. omit	i) собирать
10. represent	j) включать в себя

 

2. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

 

1. overall dimension	a) габаритный размер
2. general arrangement	b) ортогональная проекция
3. reference drawing	c) трехмерный объект
4. proprietary items	d) поперечное сечение
5. data sheet	e) справочный чертеж
6. orthographic view	f) лист технических данных
7. three-dimensional object	g) общий вид
8. cross section	h) патентованное изделие

 

3. Составьте антонимичные пары:

 

1. reduce	a) external
2. above	b) small
3. front	c) bottom
4. left	d) below
5. internal	e) back
6. big	f) right
7. top	g) enlarge

 

4. Соотнесите термины с их определениями:

 

1. drawing	a) a detailed description of the object size and measurements
2. scale	b) a view of a three-dimensional object from the position of a horizontal plane beside an object
3. dimensioning	c) a view of a three-dimensional object from the position of a horizontal plane through, above or below the object
4. cross section	d) a view showing all parts of the assembly and how they fit together
5. elevation	e) a view of a three-dimensional object from a position of a plane through the object
6. plan	f) a graphical language used by engineers
7. exploded view	g) drawing method used to enlarge or reduce a drawing in size while keeping the proportions of the drawing the same

 

Задание IV

Задание V

1. Завершите предложение в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. The shape description is based on projection and the size description on ….

 

a) installation b) dimensioning c) elevation

 

2. Detail drawings must include material requirements and size ….

 

a) tolerances b) projections c) scales

 

3. Some drawings show items assembled together as a ….

 

a) construction b) fabrication c) specification

2. Определите, какие из данных утверждений истинны, а какие ложны:

 

1. The object shape is based on dimensioning.

2. Very small objects are drawn at enlarged size.

3. The assembly drawing generally includes two orthographic views.

4. The detail drawing should include all the necessary information to enable procurement and manufacture of products.

5. A cross section is used to depict the two-dimensional object.

6. The plan shows how the assembly parts fit together.

 

3. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What is the purpose of engineering drawing?

2. What are main drawing types?

3. What do assembly drawings depict?

4. What information must detail drawings include?

5. What types of views can be shown on drawings?

 

Задание VI

Unit 4

Задание I

1. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:

Structure, molecular, final, history, classification, polymer, oxide, mineral, temperature, organic, combination, concentration

2. Прочитайте следующий текст:

 

Задание II

1. Определите по формальным признакам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их:

Relatively, conversion, excellent, opportunity, distinct, particular, electricity, passage, polymeric, flexibility, recent, conductor, circuitry

2. Найдите в тексте прилагательные с суффиксами – al,

- able, -ible и переведите их.

 

Задание III

 

1. Подберите эквиваленты к глаголам, обозначенным цифрами:

1. investigate	a) увеличивать
2. evolve	b) появляться
3. emerge	c) заменять
4. explain	d) исследовать
5. acquire	e) объяснять
6. interact	f) вызывать
7. derive	g) взаимодействовать
8. augment	h) получать, добывать
9. replace	i) приобретать
10. cause	j) развиваться

2. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

1. scientific field	a) жесткая атмосферная среда
2. primary production	b) побочные эффекты
3. structural application	c) ткани организма
4. extensive use	d) производство сырьевых материалов
5. harsh environment	e) широкое применение
6. toxic substances	f) научное направление
7. body tissues	g) ядовитые вещества
8. adverse reactions	h) использование в строительстве

3. Соотнесите термины с их определениями:

1. metals	a) materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties
2. ceramics	b) matters interacting with biological systems
3. polymers	c) materials having electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators
4. composites	d) solid materials having good thermal and electrical conductivity
5. semiconductors	e) compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements
6. biomaterials	f) organic compounds containing carbon and other nonmetallic elements

3. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова:

Resistant, nature, challenges, insulative, structure, fiberglass

1. The future will bring a lot of … and opportunities for new materials.

2. Classification of solid materials is based primarily on atomic ….

3. Cement and glass are … to the passage of electricity and … to high temperatures.

4. In … fibers are embedded within a polymeric material.

5. Biomaterials can be derived from … or synthesized in the laboratory.

 

Задание IV

Задание V

1. Определите, какие из данных утверждений истинны, а какие ложны:

1. Materials science is relatively new scientific field.

2. Solid materials do not include polymers and semiconductors.

3. Ceramics are included in the group of nonmetallic elements.

4. Polymers are organic compounds that have very large molecular structures.

5. The electrical characteristics of semiconductors are extremely sensitive to minute concentrations of impurity atoms.

6. Biomaterials are always produced in laboratories using a variety of chemical approaches.

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

 

1. What activities are materials engineers involved in?

2. How are solid materials classified?

3. Why are metals extensively used in construction?

4. What are the advantages of ceramics?

5. What are the functions of biomaterials?

 

Задание VI

Unit 5

Задание I

1. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:

 

Automobile, gas, cylinder, corrosion, nickel, vanadium, chromium, zinc, lithium, cable

2. Прочитайте следующий текст:

METALS

Metals are classified into ferrous metals that contain iron and non-ferrous metals that do not contain this element. Ferrous metals consist of iron combined with carbon, silicon, phosphorus and other elements. Pure metals are comparatively seldom used; in engineering, application is made chiefly of alloys which consist of two or more metals, or of metals and metalloids. Alloys are metallic solids, complex in composition, formed as a result of the freezing of the melt – the liquid solution of two or more metals, or metals and metalloids. Each constituent of an alloy is called a component. Alloys may be binary (two-component), ternary (three-component), etc. The ability of various metals to form alloys differs greatly and, therefore, the structure of various alloys after solidification may also be very diverse.

Carbon is the most important of all elements present in ferrous alloys. Ferrous metals are used in industry in two general forms; cast iron and steel, which differ in the quantity of carbon content. These two ferrous alloys are derived from pig iron which is produced in a blast furnace in the form of pigs. Metals are usually melted and poured into a form which is called a "mould". This process is known as casting. The cast metal is shaped in the mould where it cools and solidifies. Thus one can cast different objects known as castings. The shop where metals are cast is called a "foundry". Castings are used in building engines, automobiles and airplanes, and different types of machinery.

Cast iron is a general term applied to iron carbon alloys containing more than 1.7 per cent of carbon. Cast iron without the addition of alloying elements is weak in tension and shear, strong in compression and has low resistance to impact. It is obtained from the cupola furnace where pig iron is remelted in contact with coke. It is very cheap; in fact, it is the cheapest of all the engineering metals used in machine-building. Grey iron foundries are the most numerous because grey iron can be cast into almost any conceivable shape and size. Grey iron is also adapted to a great variety of castings, such as automobile, gas, steam, and hydraulic engine cylinders, bed plates for machines, car wheels, agricultural machinery parts, furnace and stove parts, water pipes, gears, and general machinery parts. The nature of the metal used for grey iron castings is such that castings can be made so hard that ordinary tool steel will not cut them or, on the other hand, so soft that they can, be readily machined. However, in comparison with other casting metals grey iron is weak and will not stand great shock. Hence, the engineer must allow a large factor of safety when specifying the use of grey iron castings, especially where great strength is required, or specify that the castings must be made from some other metal.

Steel is a ferrous material with a carbon content from 0.1% to 1.0%. Semisteel is a name to a metal made by melting 20 to 40 perсent of steel scrap with cast iron in the cupola. Steel castings are more expensive but stronger and tougher. Wrought iron is quite ductile and can be easily rolled, drawn, forged and welded. It has high resistance to corrosion. The carbon content is generally less than 0.1% and the material must contain not less than 1% slag. Cast steel normally contains about 0.5% of carbon, and is used to replace cast iron when castings of considerable strength are required. Forged steel is steel that has been hammered, drawn, pressed or rolled in the process of manufacturing of a particular part.

There are two general kinds of steels: carbon steel and alloy steel.

Carbon steel is known to contain only iron and carbon; while alloy steel contains some other “alloying elements” such as nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium etc.

Carbon steel seems to be the most common steels used in industry. The properties of these depend only on the percentage of carbon. Carbon steels are subdivided into groups.

Low carbon steels are very soft and are used for rails, bolts and for machine parts that do not need strength.

High carbon steel or “tool steel” may be hardened by heating it to a certain temperature and then quickly cooling in water. The more carbon the steel contains and the quicker cooling is, the harder it becomes. Because of its high strength and hardness this grade of steel is used for manufacturing tools and working parts of machines.

Alloy steels are known to have the following grades:

Special alloy steels, such as nickel steel, chromium steel are utilized for gears, bearings, shafts and wires. Alloying elements make these steels tougher, stronger and harder than carbon steels. Some

alloying elements cause steels to resist corrosion and such steels are called stainless steels.

High-speed steel (HSS) contains tungsten, chromium, vanadium and carbon. Tools made of high speed steel perform operations at much higher speeds than carbon steels.

Non-ferrous metals are more expensive than ferrous metals and are used only when some characteristic not possessed by iron or steel is essential or desirable in application. These characteristics are: high electrical and thermal conductivity, high corrosion resistance, non-magnetic qualities, light weight, etc.

The metals most frequently used to make non-ferrous metal castings are copper, tin, zinc, lead, nickel, gold, and aluminum. Some of the basic non-ferrous metals and their characteristics are described below. Copper is a reddish-brown, tough metal. It has very high electric conductivity and high corrosion resistant qualities. Copper is used for making electrical contacts and wires, pipes, telephone cables, tanks, water heaters, etc.

Zinc is a hard, brittle, bluish-white metal that is employed in the pure form as sheet zinc.

Lead is a very heavy bluish-grey metal which is yet soft. This metal is highly resistant to corrosion, but its strength is so low that it must be supported by a core of some other metal. Lead is used for lining pipes, acid tanks and coating electrical cables.

Aluminum is a soft, silvery white metal. It is light in weight, has high corrosion-resistant qualities and is used for automobile and airplane parts as well as for making different light-weight objects used in everyday life such as frames, cooking utensils, chairs, etc.

Tin is a silvery, corrosion-resistant metal. Tin is hardly used in pure form, but is employed as an alloying element.

Nickel is a hard, tough, silvery metal. It has high corrosion-resistant qualities and is used for plating other metals such as iron and brass.

The large family of non-ferrous metals offers a wider variety of characteristics and mechanical properties. For example, the lightest metal is lithium, 0.53 g/cm³, the heaviest, osmium, weighs 22.5 g/cm³ - nearly twice the weight of lead. Mercury melts at around – 38 ºF, and tungsten, the metal with the highest melting point, liquefies at 6,170 ºF.

Availability, abundance, and the cost of converting the metal into useful forms – all play important parts in selecting a non-ferrous metal. One ton of earth contains about 81,000 g of the most abundant metal of land, aluminum. One ton sea water, on the other hand, contains more magnesium than any other metal (about 1,272g). All sources combined, magnesium is the most abundant metal on the Earth. But because magnesium is difficult to convert to a useful metal, it may cost several times that of the least expensive and most easily produced metal, iron billet.

Although nearly 80% of all called “metals”, only about two dozen of these are used as structural engineering materials. Of the balance, however, many are used as coatings, in electronic devices, as nuclear materials, and as minor constituents in other systems.

3. Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

 

ferrous metal	черный металл
steel	сталь
pig	чушка
cast iron	чугун
casting	литье, отливка
foundry	литейный цех
mould	литейная форма
alloy	сплав
tension	напряжение, натяжение
cupola	вагранка
compression	сжатие
coating	покрытие
tungsten	вольфрам
resistance	сопротивление, устойчивость
strength	прочность, временное сопротивление материала
non-ferrous metal	цветной металл
copper	медь
lead	свинец

 

Задание II

1. Определите по формальным признакам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их:

Numerous, considerable, solidification, percentage, comparatively, abundance, nuclear, constituent

2. Определите значение префиксов и суффиксов в следующих словах и переведите их:

Metalloid, remelt, replace, subdivide, semisteel, stainless, bluish, silvery, useful

Задание III

1. Подберите эквиваленты к глаголам, обозначенным цифрами:

1. melt	a) отвердевать
2. pour	b) содержать
3. solidify	c) сокращать
4. resist	d) обладать
5. reduce	e) охлаждать
6. weld	f) заливать
7. cool	g) плавить
8. possess	h) использовать
9. employ	i) сопротивляться, выдерживать
10. contain	j) сваривать

2. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

1. доменная печь	a) stainless steel
2. чугун	b) melting point
3. сопротивление ударной нагрузке	c) thermal conductivity
4. жидкий раствор	d) resistance to impact
5. теплопроводность	e) blast furnace
6. нержавеющая сталь	f) cast iron
7. температура плавления	g) liquid solution

3. Составьте антонимичные пары:

1. light	a) heat
2. liquefy	b) tough
3. cool	c) freeze
4. melt	d) cheap
5. expensive	e) heavy
6. brittle	f) solidify

4. Соотнесите термины с их определениями:

1. casting	a) iron with a very little carbon content
2. alloy	b) a silvery, corrosion-resistant metal usually used as an alloying element
3. steel	c) a heavy bluish-grey metal with high resistance to corrosion and low strength
4. copper	d) the metal with the highest melting point
5. lead	e) a reddish-brown, tough metal with high electric conductivity
6. tungsten	f) a metallic solid formed as a result of freezing of the melt of two or more metals
7. tin	g) process of pouring melted metals into a mould

Задание IV

Задание V

1. Завершите предложение в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. The shop where metals are cast is a called a ….

 

a) foundry b) mould c) alloy

 

1. Very much carbon makes steel brittle which reduces its ….

a) content b) strength c) application

 

1. Non-ferrous metals offer a wide variety of mechanical …

 

a) parts c) groups c) properties

 

2. Определите, какие из данных утверждений истинны, а какие ложны:

1. Ferrous metals do not contain carbon.

2. Cast iron is the cheapest engineering metal.

3. Alloys are used much more often than pure metals.

4. Low carbon steels are very hard and used for parts that need strength.

5. Non-ferrous metals are cheaper than ferrous metals.

6. Magnesium is the most abundant metal on the Earth.

 

1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

 

1. What are main applications of grey iron?
2. What is the advantage of wrought iron?
3. Why are high carbon steels used for manufacturing tools and working parts of machines?
4. What metals are referred to the group of non-ferrous metals?
5. What factors play important parts in choosing a non-ferrous metal?

 

Задание VI

Unit 6

 

Задание I

1. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:

 

Category, energy, deformation, original, practice, aluminum, turbine, progressive

 

2. Прочитайте следующий текст:

 

PROPERTIES OF METALS

 

The properties of metals can be grouped into certain categories. The major categories to be considered are:

a) chemical properties that are material characteristics which relate to the structure of a material and its formation out of the elements; these properties are usually measured in a chemical laboratory and they cannot be determined by visual observations.

b) physical properties such as colour, density, crystal structure, electrical and heat conductivity, etc. Physical properties are characteristics of materials that pertain to the interaction of these materials with various forms of energy and with other forms of matter.

c) mechanical properties that are of foremost importance in selecting materials for structural machine components.

The mechanical properties of the metals are those which are associated with the ability of the material to resist mechanical forces and load. These mechanical properties of the metal include strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, resilience, creep and hardness.

1. Strength. It is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied forces without breaking or yielding. The internal resistance offered by a part to an externally applied force is called stress.

2. Stiffness. It is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress. The modulus of elasticity is the measure of stiffness.

3. Elasticity. It is the property of a material to regain its original shape after deformation when the external forces are removed. This property is desirable for materials used in tools and machines. It may be noted that steel is more elastic than rubber.

4. Plasticity. It is the property of a material which retains the deformation produced under load permanently. This property of the material is necessary for forgings, in stamping images on coins and in ornamental work.

5. Ductility. It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn into wire with the application of a tensile force. A ductile material must be both strong and plastic. The ductility is usually measured by the terms, percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area. The ductile materials commonly used in engineering practice (in order of diminishing ductility) are mild steel, copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc, tin and lead.

6. Brittleness. It is the property of a material opposite to ductility. It is the property of breaking of a material with little permanent distortion. Brittle materials when subjected to tensile loads, snap off without giving any sensible elongation. Cast iron is a brittle material.

7. Malleability. It is a special case of ductility which permits materials to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets. A malleable material should be plastic but it is not essential to be so strong. The malleable materials commonly used in engineering practice (in order of diminishing malleability) are lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper and aluminum.

8. Toughness. It is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high impact loads like hammer blows. The toughness of the material decreases when it is heated. It is measured by the amount of energy that a unit volume of the material has absorbed after being stressed up to the point of fracture. This property is desirable in parts subjected to shock and impact loads.

9. Machinability. It is the property of a material which refers to a relative case with which a material can be cut. The machinability of a material can be measured in a number of ways such as comparing the tool life for cutting different materials or thrust required to remove the material at some given rate or the energy required to remove a unit volume of the material. It may be noted that brass can be more easily machined than steel.

10. Resilience. It is the property of a material to absorb energy and to resist shock and impact loads. It is measured by the amount of energy absorbed per unit volume within elastic limit. This property is essential for spring materials.

11. Creep. When a part is subjected to a constant stress at high temperature for a long period of time, it will undergo a slow and permanent deformation called creep. This property is considered in designing internal combustion engines, boilers and turbines.

12. Fatigue. When a material is subjected to repeated stresses, it fails at stresses below the yield point stresses. Such type of failure of a material is known as * fatigue. The failure is caused by means of a progressive crack formation which are usually fine and of microscopic size. This property is considered in designing shafts, connecting rods, springs, gears, etc.

13. Hardness. It is a very important property of the metals and has a wide variety of meanings. It embraces many different properties such as resistance to wear, scratching, deformation and machinability etc. It also means the ability of a metal to cut another metal.

3. Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

stiffness	жесткость
elasticity	упругость
ductility	пластичность, тягучесть
brittleness	хрупкость
malleability	ковкость
toughness	ударная прочность
machinability	обрабатываемость на станках
resilience	ударная вязкость
creep	ползучесть
fatigue	усталость
hardness	твердость
yielding	пластическое деформирование
load	нагрузка
reduction	сокращение
distortion	деформация
wear	износ
scratching	царапание

Задание II

1. Определите по формальным признакам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их:

Observation, interaction, externally, elastic, permanent, sensible, commonly, essential, ability

2. Заполните следующую таблицу:

Adjective	Noun
strong
	resistance
elastic
ductile
	malleability
brittle
hard
	toughness

Задание III

1. Подберите эквиваленты к глагола<