Форма сослагательного наклонения

should + Infinitive в придаточных предложениях после it is important (necessary)

Для выражения предположения, сомнения, опасения, вы­сказывания мнения, совета употребляется форма should + Infinitive в придаточном предложении. Форма should + Perfect Infinitive употребляется, если действие относится к сфере про­шедшего времени.

Данное сочетание употребляется:

1. Если в главном предложении имеются выражения типа: it is important that… – важно, чтобы; it is necessary that… – требуется, чтобы; it is strange that … – странно, что	It is essential that this matter should be kept out of the newspapers. Важно, чтобы это дело не попало в газеты. It is strange that he should think so. Странно, что он так думает.
2. Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголами типа: I demand that… – я требую чтобы; I insist that… – я настаиваю, чтобы; I recommend that… – я рекомендую, чтобы	He ordered that Sam should leave the house at once. Он потребовал, чтобы Сэм немедленно покинул дом. She insisted that her children should go to the best schools of the city. Она настаивала на том, чтобы ее дети учились в лучших школах города.
3. В простом вопросительном предложении после why	Why should I go there? Зачем мне туда идти? Why should I have gone there? И зачем я туда ходил?

Exercise I

Open the brackets:

1. If I lend you $1,000 when you (repay) me?
2. She will be absolutely furious if she (know) about it.
3. If I were sent to prison you (visit) me?
4. If you wash my car 1 (give) you $10.
5. If she (arrive) five minutes earlier she would have got a ticket.
6. I (keep) a dog if I could afford it.
7. If he (come) late I won’t open him.
8. If you (speak) more slowly she might have understood you.
9. You could get a job easily if you (have) a degree.
10. Unless you put on the kettle I (not be able) to make the tea.

 

Exercise II

Complete the sentences, using the correct forms of the verb:

 

1. If you leave the door open...

2. If I had a car...

3. If she has any sense...

4. I would have sent for the doctor if...

5. Try on the green dress if...

6. Unless the weather improves...

7. If your mother saw you...

8. She might have passed the exam if...

9. Your hair would look better if...

10. If they hadn’t turned the radio...

Exercise III

Put questions to the following sentences according to the pattern:

 

Pattern: If it is sunny on Sunday we’ll go to the country. But what’ll we do if it is rainy?

1. If they get a lift they won’t be late.

2. If Moscow airport is clear of fog we’ll land there.

3. If I pass all my exams successfully I’ll try to enter the univer­sity this year.

4. Tell your parents the truth. I’m sure they’ll believe you.

5. Your parachute will open in five seconds.

6. If the baby is a boy we’ll call him Alexander.

Условные предложения

Запомните три типа условных предложений:
I тип (реальное действие)	If the weather is fine, we shall рlау outside.     If you ring me up, I shall tell you something.	Если погода будет хорошая, мы будем играть на открытом воздухе.   Если ты мне позвонишь, я тебе кое-что расскажу.
II тип (нереальное действие, относится к настоящему или будущему времени)	If the weather were fine, we should рlау outside.     If you rang me uр, I should tell you something.	Если бы погода была хорошая (сегодня; завтра), мы бы играли на открытом воздухе.   Если бы ты мне позвонил (сегодня, завтра), я бы тебе кое-что рассказал.
III тип (нереальное действие, относится к прошедшему времени)	If the weather had bееп fine, we should have played outside.   If you had rung meup, I should have told you something.	Если бы погода была хорошая (вчера), мы бы играли на открытом воздухе.   Если бы ты мне позвонил (вчера), я б тебе кое-что рассказал.

Exercise I

Раскрывая скобки, напишите каждое предложение три раза, образуя условные предложения I, II и III типов.

E.g.

If you (to bе) free, I (to come) to see you,

If you are free, I shall come to see you.

If you were free, I should cometo see you.

If you had been free, I should have come to see you.

If I (to see) her, I (to be) glad.

If I see her, I shall be glad.

If I saw her, I should be glad.

If I had seen her, I should have been glad.

 

1. If you (to be) busy, 1 (to leave) you alone. 2. If myfriend (to come) to see me, I (to be) very glad. 3. If mother (to buy) а cake, we (to have) а very nice tea party. 4. If we (to receive) а telegram fromhim, we (not to worry). 5. If you (not to work) systematically, you (to fail) the exam. 6. If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Art Gallery every year. 7. If I (to get) а ticket, I (to go) to the Philharmonic. 8. If I (to live). near а wood, I (to gather) а lot of mushrooms. 9. If myfather (to return) early, we (to watch) TV together. 10. If she (to know) English, she (to try) to enter the university.

 

Exercise II

Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.

 

1. If he were not such an outstanding actor, he (not to have) so many admirers. 2. If you (to give) meyour address, I shall write you а letter. 3. If she (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be а much better student. 4. If my sister does not go to the south, we (to spend) the summerin St Petersburg together. 5. If they (not to go) to Moscow last year, they would not have heard that famous musician. 6. If you (not to get) tickets for the Philharmonic, we shall stay at home. 7. If you were not so сагеless about your health, you (to consult) the doctor. 8. I should be delighted if I (to have) such а beautiful fur coat. 9. If it (to rain), we shall have to stay at home. 10. If he (to work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 11. If it is not too cold, I (not to put) on my coat. 12. I (to write) the composition long ago if you had not disturbed me. 13. If he (not to read) so much, he would not be so clever. 14. If my friend (to be) at home, he will tell us what to do.

Exercise III

Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.

 

1. If you (not to buy) coffee, we shall drink tea 2. If he is free tomorrow, he certainly (to come) to our party. 3. My brother would not have missed so many lessons if he (not to hurt) his leg. 4. If my friend (to work) in my office, we should meet every day. 5. If you spoke English every day, you (to improve) your language skills. 6. If you get а «five» your mother (to be) happy. 7. If she (to return) earlier, she would have been able to see him before he left. 8. If these shoes were not too big for me, I (to buy) them. 9. If you (to ring) me up, I shall tell you a secret. 10. If you (to be) а poet, you would write beautiful poetry. 11. If he did not read so much, he (not to know) English literature so well. 12. If he (to come)to our house yesterday, he would have met his friend. 13. If he (not to pass) his exam, he will not get а scholarship. 14. If she (not to help) me, I should have been in а very difficult situation. 15. My father would have morefree time if he (not to read) so many newspapers. 16. If only you had let meknow, I (to go) there immediately. 17. If I were famous singer, I (to get) а lot of flowers every day.

 

Exercise IV

Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.

 

1. If my brother (to be) in trouble, I shall help him, of course. 2. If I don't manage to finish my report today, I (to stay) at home tomorrow. 3. If she were morecareful about her diet, she (not to be) so stout. 4. You would not feel so bad if you (not to smoke) too much. 5. If he (to learn) the poem,he would not have got а bad mark. 6. If you gave me yourdictionary for а couple of days, I (to translate) this text. 7. If I (to be) а musician, I should be very happy. 8. If Barbara (to get) up at half past eight, she would have been late for school. 9. If you had not put the cup on the edge of the table, it (not to get) broken. 10. I should be very glad if he (to come) to myplace. 11. If he (to live) in St Petersburg, he would go to the Hermitage every week. 12. If you (to go) to the theatre with us last week, you would have enjoyed the evening. 13. You won't understand the rule if you (not to listen) to the teacher. 14. If he weren't such а bookworm, he (not to spend) so much time sitting in the library. 15. I should not have bought the саг if my friend (not to lend) me money. 16. If he did not live in St Petersburg, we (not to meet)so often. 17. If he had warned me, I (to do) the work in time.

 

Exercise V

Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.

 

1. If it (to snow), the children will play snowballs. 2. If I (not to know) English, I should not be able to enjoy Byron's poetry. 3. I (not to do) it if you did not ask me. 4. If men(to have) no weapons, would wars be possible? 5. You will never finish your work if you (to waste) your time like that. 6. If I (to have) his telephone number, I should easily settle this matter with him. 7. If I (to have) this rare book I should gladly lend it to you. 8. The dish would have been much moretasty if she (to be) а better cook. 9. Не never (to phone) you if I hadn't reminded him to do that. 10. Your brother (to become) much stronger if he took cold baths regularly. 11. If he (to be) morecourageous, he would not be afraid. 12. If the fisherman had been less patient, he (not to catch) so much fish. 13. If you (to put) the ice cream into the refrigerator, it would not have melted. 14. If I (to know) the result now, I would phone her immediately. 15. If you had let meknow yesterday, I (to bring) you my book.

 

Exercise VI

Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.

 

1. If she (to ask) meyesterday, I should certainly have told her all about it. 2. If you (to do) your morning exercises every day, your health would be much better. 3. If he is not very busy, he (to agree) to go to the museumwith us. 4. If I (not to be) present at the lesson, I should not have understood this difficult rule. 5. If he reads fifty pages every day, his vocabulary (to increase) greatly. 6. If they (to know) it befоrе, they would have taken measures. 7. If I (to get) this book, I shall be happy. 8. If you really loved music, you (to go) to the Philharmonic much moreoften. 9. If you had not wasted so much time, you (not to miss)the train. 10. If you (not to miss)the train, you would have arrived оп time. 11. You (not to miss)the teacher's explanation if you had arrived on time. 12. You would have understood the rule if you (not to miss) the teacher's explanation. 13. If you (to understand) the rule, you would have written the рaper successfully. 14. If you had written the рарег successfully, you (not to get) а bad mark. 15. Your mother (not to scold) you if you had not got а bad mark. 16. If your mother (not to scold) you, you would have felt happier.

Exercise VII

Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.

1. If it (to rain) tomorrow, our game will be cancelled. 2. If а dog (to bite) her on the leg, she would go straight to hospital. 3. If he had known it was going to rain, he (to take) his umbrella to work today. 4. If only I (to have) morepocket money, I could buy somenew English books. 5. If she hadn't missed the bus, she (not to be) late for work. 6. If I (to live) two hundred years ago, I couldn't have spoken on the telephone. 7. If my daughter did her homework carefully, she (to get) much better marks. She's really а smart little girl. 8. If his friend (to be) in the mood to see a film, they would have gone to the cinema last night.

 

Инфинитив (The Infinitive)

 

Инфинитив (the Infinitive) произошел от отглагольного существительного (the Verbal Noun).

Как неличная форма глагола, близкая к существительному, инфинитив выполняет в предложении все те синтаксические функции, которые выполняет существительное, а именно: подлежащего, дополнения, обстоятельства, определения, части составного именного и простого сказуемого и, кроме того, части сложного составного сказуемого.

Наиболее типичным свойством инфинитива как глагола является его способность выражать характер действия (длительность, законченность) и залог.

Являясь неличной формой глагола, инфинитив не может выражать лицо, число и наклонение. Но вместе со вспомогательным или модальным глаголом-связкой, выражающими лицо, число, время, он образует простое сказуемое, составное глагольное сказуемое, составное именное сказуемое.

Инфинитив может также выполнять функции подлежащего, дополнения, определения, обстоятельства.

В английском языке имеется шесть форм инфинитива, которые соответствуют четырем группам времен, два из которых имеют форму страдательного залога (для переходных глаголов).

 

Инфинитив	Время	Залог
Действительный	Страдательный
Не пер­фектный	Выражает действие, одновременное с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым	Indefinite	to read	to be read
Continuous	to be reading	—
Перфект­ный	Выражает действие, предшествовавшее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым	Perfect	to have read	to have been read
Perfect Continuous	to have been reading	––

 

Функции инфинитива в предложении и способы его перевода

1. ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ
То acquire knowledge is everybody’s duty.   To tell the truth, I don't like this film.	Приобретать знания – долг каждого.   По правде говоря, мне не нравится этот фильм.	а) Переводится инфинитивом в функции подлежащего; б) может быть вводным членом предложения: to tell the truth no правде говоря; to sum it up если подвести итог.
2. ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ
Hе likes to spend his holi­days in the South.   I want to have a rest.   He forced her to go with him.	Он любит (что?) прово­дить каникулы на юге.   Я хочу (чего?) отдохнуть.   Он заставил ее пойти с ним (чтобы она пошла с ним).	а) Переводится инфинитивом;   б) Переводится, придаточным предложением.
3. ЧАСТЬ СОСТАВНОГО ИМЕННОГО СКАЗУЕМОГО
The problem is to do every­thing without delay.   The aim of our research work is to find the necessary data.	Проблема – сделать все без промедления.   Цель нашей исследова­тельской работы заклю­чается в том, чтобы найти необходимые данные.	Глагол – связка to be пере­водится словами заключается в том чтобы, состоит в том чтобы или совсем не переводится.
4. ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ
Here is a nice book to read before going to bed.   I have an idea to spend ho­lidays abroad.     He was the first to offer his hand to me.	Вот книга, которую хоро­шо почитать перед сном.   У меня идея провести ка­никулы за границей.     Он был первым, кто (который) протянул мне руку.	а) Переводится инфинитивом в сочетании с существительным с предлогом или существительным в родительном падеже; б) после слов the first, the last переводится глаголом в личной форме в том времени, в котором стоит глагол to be; в) переводится определительным придаточным предложением, выражающим долженствование, возможность или будущее время.
5. ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВО:
1) цели
I do sports to keep fit.     To know a foreign language well you have to work hard.	Я занимаюсь спортом (за­чем?), чтобы быть в фор­ме. Для того чтобы знать иностранный язык хоро­шо, вы должны усердно работать.	а) При переводе вводятся союзы для того чтобы, чтобы; б) Переводится личной формой глагола с союзом что;
2) следствия
Now he is too tired to give us an account of his trip.     This method is not accurate enough to produce any definite results.     I was too busy to see any­one.	Он сейчас слишком устал, чтобы рассказать нам о своей поездке.   Этот метод недостаточно точен для того, чтобы дать какие-либо опреде­ленные результаты.   Я был слишком занят, чтобы видеться с кем-либо.	в) переводится инфинитивом с союзом для того что бы, чтобы;   г) в функции обстоятельства следствия следует за наречиями too, enough, sufficiently; переводитсячто бы, для того чтобы.

 

Exercise 1. Choose the correct translation.

I am glad	1. to visit you.	Я рад (,)	А.что посещаю вас.
	2. to have visited you.		B. что вы посещаете меня.
	3. to be visited by you		C. посетить вас.
	4. to be visiting you.		D. что посещаю вас уже некоторое время.
	5.to have been visited by you.		E. что вы посетили меня.
	6.to have been visiting you.		F. что посетил вас

 

Exercise 2. Choose the correct translation.

1. Я доволен, что принял участие в обсуждении этого проекта.	a) I am glad to take part in the discussion of this project. b) I am glad to be taking part in the discussion of this project. c) I am glad to have taken part in the discussion of this project.
2. Кажется, они заканчивают свое исследование.	a) They seem to finish their investigation. b) They seem to be finishing their investigation. c) They seem to have finished their investigation.
3. Он не любит, когда его беспокоят во время работы.	a) He doesn't like to be disturbed during his work. b) He doesn't like to disturb people during their work.
4. Я хочу, чтобы мне помогли.	a) I want to help you. b) I want to be helped.
5. Для того чтобы быть опубликованной в английском журнале, статья должна быть переведена на английский язык.	a) To be published in an English journal the article must be translated into English. b) In order to publish an article in an English journal, it is necessary to translate it into English.

 

Exercise 3. Analyze and translate the sentences.

1. Indeed, to know her is to love her.

2. He stopped to buy an evening paper.

3. Two young men were arrested only to be released.

4. He woke to find it was still dark.

5. I remember to have been living in the Caucasus for two years before the war broke out.

6. My friend was glad to have been given such an interesting assignment.

7. She hoped to be sent to study abroad.

8. The data to be used have been carefully analyzed.

9. To understand Russian culture is impossible without the names of Bulgakov, Platonov and Pasternak.

10. To do it accurately was the main problem.

11. To tell him the truth at the moment meant nearly to kill him.

12. Our plan was to begin the experimental part of the research by the end of the month.

13. It was not the sort of thing to be said over the telephone.

14. His real motive is to protect emotional stability in his family.

15. Mrs. Jane Makin woke early to find two burglars carrying her TV set from her home.

 

Инфинитивные обороты

 

В современном английском языке имеются три конструкции, или оборота, с инфинитивом:

1) объектный инфинитивный оборот (the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction);

2) субъектный инфинитивный оборот (the Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction);

3) инфинитив с предлогом for (the for-to-Infinitive Construction).

 

 

COMPLEX OBJECT

Объектный инфинитивный оборот

 

Конструкция «объектный (винительный) падеж с инфинитивом», или «объектный инфинитивный оборот», состоит из «вводящего» глагола, местоимения в объектном падеже или существительного в общем падеже и инфинитива. В предложении эта конструкция выполняет функцию сложного дополнения (Complex Object).

 

Do you expecthim to come?	Ты полагаешь, что он придет?
I knowher to be a good student.	Я знаю, что она хорошая студентка.

 

Этот оборот употребляется после глаголов, выражающих:

 

1) желание и намерение: to want, to wish, to desire, to intend, to mean;

2) умственное восприятие: to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to imagine;

3) приказ, разрешение, просьбу: to order, to ask, to allow, to have, to make;

4) чувственное (физическое) восприятие: to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice (после этих глаголов инфинитив употребляется без частицы to);

5) чувства и эмоции: to like, to love, to hate, to dislike.

 

На русский язык этот оборот переводится придаточным дополнительным предложением с союзами что, чтобы, как. Существительное или местоимение становится подлежащим, а инфинитив – сказуемым русского придаточного предложения. Следует обращать внимание, как на форму предшествующего глагола, так и на форму самого инфинитива. Indefinite Infinitive передается глаголом в настоящем (иногда в прошедшем) времени, Perfect Infinitive передается глаголом в прошедшем времени. После глаголов to expect, to hope чаще всего передается глаголом в будущем времени.

 

Exercise 1. Analyze and translate the sentences.

1. We expect these phenomena to have been investigated.

2. Everybody considers her to be a great organizer.

3. We found that effect to have been unknown.

4. They thought the information to have been published recently.

5. Knowing him to be good at psychology, I asked him to explain this rule.

6. The scientist expected his assistants to obtain some new data.

7. If the Government expected the tenants to take the increase lying down, they were very much mistaken.

8. They heard him deny it.

9. This story was told to get him to go to the police station.

10. The major Powers expect the talks to take place at the end of the next month.

11. They announced it to be the law.

12. She meant him to do it.

13. I haven't heard anyone call me.

14. They saw the fire slowly conquering the rооm.

15. Everybody expected her to marry Pete.

 

 

COMPLEX SUBJECT