Схвалено методичною радою ХПК

Схвалено методичною радою ХПК

Протокол № _1____ від __30. 09. 2012___

 

CONTENTS

p.

1. From the History of the Automobile_ _ _ _ _ _ 6

2. Automobile Production _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12

3. Components of the Automobile_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23

4. The Exterior and the Interior _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33

5. The Instrument Panel of a Car _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45

6. Principle of Operation of the

Four-Stroke Petrol Engine _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 51

7. Chassis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 57

8. Frame _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 64

9. Clutch _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 69

10. Gearbox _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 76

11. Brakes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 82

12. Steering System _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 89

13. Finding a Fault in the Car _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 96

14. Car Companies _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 102

15. Mini Motor Cars. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 107

16. Future Trends. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 109

Supplementary Reading. _______________ ___ 114

Special Terms ___________________________ 154

Реферування тексту._____________161

Складання анотації _____________________ 162

UNIT 1

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE

1. Learn the following words and word combinations.

self-moving vehicle - самохідний апарат

motor car - автомобіль

arise - виникати, з’являтись

street car - трамвай

railway car - вагон, потяг

a matter of luxury - розкіш

decisive factor - вирішальний фактор

brakes - гальма

rollers - вали,

restriction - обмеження

to be prosecuted - д ля судового переслідування; бути переслідуваним

to be outlawed - повинні бути оголошені поза законом

a large extent - в значній мірі

maintenance - обслуговування

improvement- поліпшення

achievement- досягнення

to propel- приводити в рух

mechanical power - механічна потужність

a steam-driven engine - паровий двигун

gearbox - коробка передач

to lag - відставати

wheel - колесо,шестірня(to wheel – обертатися)

buggy – легкий екіпаж

tiller steering - управління за допомогою рукоятки

 

2. Read the text and answer the questions:

1. What is the origin of the word automobile?

2. What fact does the role and importance of the automobile arise from?

3. Why does the automobile play an important part in the economic development in many countries?

Where Does the Word “Automobile” Come from?

The word automobile is not English. It consists of two words: autos and mobilis. Autos is a Greek word meaning "self', mobilis — a Latin word meaning "movable". The two words taken together mean "self-moving". Thus, an automobile means a self-moving vehicle. The synonyms of automobile are: auto, car, auto-car, motor car.

The role and importance of an automobile arise from the fact that it can move along roads unprovided with rails. In this respect, it substantially differs from a street car (tram) and a railway car (train). In fact, it often replaces street cars, railway cars, and other agencies of transportation and communication. In short, the automobile is a vehicle well adaptedfor ordinary road conditions.

The automobile has long since ceased to be a matter of luxury or sport and has become a decisive factor in the economic development of many countries. This accounts for the fact that the world at large uses a great number of automobiles. In some countries where automobiles are found in millions they are playing a most important part in the solution of many problems of transport.

The development of automobiles is also accountable to a large extent for the progress in road maintenance, improvement and construction.

 

3. Make up word combinations and phrases from the following words. Use them in your own sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian.

two, together, vehicle, taken, construction, communication, with, rails, of, maintenance, and, conditions, development, well, for, ordinary, a matter, of, adapted, luxury, large, world, a, improvement, factor, economic, decisive, the, at, number, a, great, of, to, a, large, extent, road, transportation, and, unprovided, agencies, self-moving, words, road

 

Complete the word combinations, translate them into Ukrainian.

the world at____________________________,

a great ________ of, to a ___________ extent,

road________________________,improvement and construction, two____________________________ taken together,

self-moving___________________,

__________________with rails,

economic__________________,

__________of transportation and communication, a _________ factor, road _____________,

a matter of__________,

well _______for_______road conditions

 

5.Complete the sentences, translate them into Ukrainian.

1. An automobile means____________

2. The role and importance of an automobile arise from the fact that it can____________ rails.

3. The automobile is a vehicle___________

for ordinary road conditions.

4. The automobile has become___________

in the economic __________ of many

countries

6. Read the text, translate it into Ukrainian.

Answer the questions.

1.Is the motor car a product of a single inventor?

2.When was the first self-propelled vehicle constructed?

3. What elements did the Russian inventor Kulibin use for the first time in his vehicle?

4.Did the progress of motor cars meet with great opposition?

 

Prepare the report about famous people of the Automobile Industry. Do you think their inventions were important? Discuss in the group.

UNIT 2

AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION

Learn the following words.

construct — конструювати

constructor — конструктор

deal with – мати справу

demand - вимагати, вимога

dependable brakes — надійні гальма

design - проектувати, проект

designer - проектувальник

develop – розробляти, розвивати

development — розробка, розвиток

driving safety — безпека їзди

efficiency - ефективність,ККД

engineer — інженер

fuel consumption – витрата пального

handling - експлуатація, догляд

ignition system — система запалювання

maintenance — техобслуговування

manufacture – виробляти

manufacturer — промисловець, виробник

manufacturing — виробництво

mechanics - механік

mechanism — механізм

produce — виробляти

producer — виробник

production - виробництво

put into mass production - запустити в масове виробництво

quality — якість

rapid acceleration — швидкий розгін

require – вимагати, просити

requirement – вимога, запит

rigid quality control —жорсткий контроль якості

science - наука

scientist - вчений

service life – строк дії

silent gearbox — безшумна коробка передач

smooth-acting clutch – плавне зчеплення

solution — рішення

steering system – система рульового управління

to test — випробувати

technician — технік

technologist – технолог

technology — технологія

undergo tests — проходити випробування

unit — вузел, агрегат

up-to-date – сучасний

 

2.Read the text, find answers to the following questions:

1. What department do you study at?

2. What will you become after graduating from the college?

3. What should automobile specialists know?

4. What phases does the production of the automobile comprise?

5. What requirements must modern automobiles meet?

6. Why are automobile units and mechanisms subjected to laboratory and road tests?

7. What qualities are required of the automobile?

8. Why are computers used in cars?

I study at the college, at the automobile-construction department. When I graduate from the college I shall become a technician. All specialists in automobile industry dealing with manufacturing automobiles (cars or trucks) must know that the production of the automobile comprises the following phases:

-designing;

-working out the technology of manufacturing processes;

-laboratory tests;

-road tests;

-mass manufacturing (production).

Why is it necessary to know all these facts? It is important to know them, as before the automobile is put into mass production it should be properly designed and the car must meet up-to-date requirements. What are these requirements?

The automobile must have high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of handling and maintenance, pleasant appearance. Also it must be comfortable and ecological. In order to obtain these qualities the specialists should develop up-to-date methods of designing cars using new types of resistant to corrosion light materials. Also it is important to know computer sciences because computers offer quick and optimal solutions of the problems. Besides they are used for better operation of mechanisms in cars.

Before the car is put into mass production the units of the car are subjected to tests in the Works laboratory and then the car undergoes a rigid quality control in road tests. Why are these tests required? What qualities are required of the automobile? They are needed because the modern automobile must be rapid in acceleration, have smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable braking and steering systems, dependable ignition system, low fuel consumption and be stable on the road.

Answer the questions.

1.What college do you study at?

2.What will you become after graduating from the college?

3.What will you deal with?

4.What phases does the production of the automobile comprise?

5.Why are the cars subjected to laboratory and road tests?

6.What qualities must the car have?

7.What units must the car have?

 

What’s in a name?

Have you ever thought about car names? Do they actually mean anything? And do you know what the name of your car means?

For example, you may think ‘Rover’ is just a name, but there is never just a name in marketing. A rover is a wanderer – someone who likes to travel around. So the name suggests mobility, freedom, having fun, and going wherever you want to go. These were important qualities when Rover can first came on the market.

Marketing departments of car companies spend a lot of time and money thinking up names for cars. The names should be a reflection of the brand, product and target group. The car you drive tells the world about your status, how much money you have, and the socio-economic group you belong to (or want to belong to). Good car names are catchy and fit the product, such as ‘Beetle’ or the ‘Mini’.

The name should also appeal to a global audience. At the very least, the name should not mean anything bad in another language. (This was why Rolls-Royce decided not to use the name ‘Silver Mist’ for one model: mist means animal manure in German!)

American car makers like to give their SUVs names that remind people of the Wild West, full of adventure and danger. Did you know that ‘Wrangler’ is another word for cowboy? Or that ‘Maverick’ means an unbranded that has strayed from the herd? People who own SUVs seldom drive them off-road, but they enjoy the feeling of excitement that the name creates.

1. How important is the name of a car to you? Would you buy a car if you didn’t like the name?

2. How many car names do you know the meaning of?

3. Imagine you are working in the marketing department of a large car manufacture and you want to produce a small sports car with women as a target group. What would you call it?

UNIT 3

Learn new vocabulary.

engine (power plant) —двигун (силова установка)

chassis — шасі

body — кузов

power train — силова передача

running gear — ходова частина

steering system – рульове управління

brakes — гальма

dashboard – панель приборів

clutch - зчеплення

gearbox — коробка передач

propeller shaft — карданний вал

final drive - головна передача

differential - диференціал

rear axle — задній міст

axle shafts — півосі

frame with axles — рама з осями

wheels and springs — колеса с ресорами

hood — капот

fenders — крила

heater - обігрівач

windshield wiper - склоочисник

as well — також

in turn — в свою чергу

source of power — джерело енергії

fuel — пальне

cooling — охолодження

lubricating — мастило

accessories — допоміжні пристрої

device — пристрій

disеngage — відключати

engage — включати, з’єднувати

fix — кріпити

flywheel — маховик

pedal — педаль

power plant — силова установка

tachometer — тахометр

tank- бак

hood – капот (амер.)

sensor – датчик

resume button – кнопка відновлення дії

to shut off – вимикати живлення

aftermarket – ринок запасних деталей

to flash – блимати

flick – легкий удар

hazard light – світлова сигналізація

the ignition key – ключ запалювання

transponder – ретранслятор

the vehicle’s horn- автомобільний сигнал

vehicle tracking system – система спостереження за автомобілем

towing – буксування

valve - клапан

2. Label the diagram with the following words:

clutch crankshaft engine gearbox piston

propeller shaft

 

 

Complete the sentences.

1. The automobile is made up of...

2. The engine is...

3. The engine includes...

4. The chassis consists of...

5. The power transmission comprises...

6. The running gear consists of...

7. The body has...

 

Choose the correct variant.

1.Mechanism which is used to stop the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

2.Mechanism which is used to guide the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

3.Mechanism which engages or disengages the engine and the car wheels.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

4.Mechanism which is used to change the speed of the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) accelerator.

5.Mechanism which is used to guide the car in one or the other directions.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

6.Device which is designed to measure the speed of the car.

a) heater; b) windscreen; c) speedometer; d) tachometer.

 

Translate into English.

1.Автомобіль складається з трьох основних частин: двигуна, шасі та кузова.

2.Двигун - це джерело енергії.

3.Двигун включає в себе паливну, охолоджуючу,

змащуючу і електричну системи.

4.Шассі включає в себе силову передачу, ходову частину, рульову і гальмівну системи.

5.Силова передача (трансмісія), у свою чергу, складається із зчеплення, коробки передач, карданного валу, головної передачі, диференціала, заднього моста і півосей.

6.Ходова частина включає в себе раму з осями, колеса і ресори.

7.Кузов включає в себе капот, крила і допоміжні аксесуари: опалювач, склоочисники, магнітолу, кондиціонер і т п

Answer the questions.

1.What main parts is the automobile made up of?

2.What is the function of the engine?

3.What systems does the engine include?

4.What does the chassis consist of?

5.What units does the power transmission comprise?

6.What assemblies does the running gear consist of?

7.What has the body?

UNIT 4

UNIT 5

Learn new vocabulary.

speedometer - спідометр

a fuel gauge – датчик палива

a tachometer - тахометр

an ammeter - амперметр

to indicate - вказувати

to be adopted- бути прийнятим

warning light- лампа аварійної сигналізації

to switch on- вмикати

alternator- генератор

current- струм

discharged- розряджений

vehicle- автомобіль

to research- досліджувати

on automatic highways- на автоматичних автомобільних дорогах

to reduce - зменшувати

to ease the stress- полегшувати стрес

goal- мета

Answer the questions.

1. The aim of the instrument panel is to provide the driver with information, isn't it?

2. Does the instrument panel include such instruments as a millimeter and a fuel gauge?

3. Is the speed limit for towns and built-up areas 30 mph or more?

4. What is the function of the fuel gauge?

5. Why does the warning light switch on?

6. What instrument indicates if the battery is charging or discharging?

7. How will the instrument panel change in future? What will cause the changes?

 

UNIT 6

FOUR-STROKE PETROL ENGINE

Learn new vocabulary.

bottom dead center - нижня мертва точка

charge of fuel — заряд пального

combustion —згорання

combustion chamber – камера згорання

compression stroke — такт стискування(суміші)

connecting rod - шатун

crankshaft — колінчастий вал

cylinder - циліндр

diesel engine — дизельний двигун

engine — двигун

exhaust stroke — такт випуску

four-stroke cycle — чьотирьохтактний цикл

fuel injection - впорскування пального

ignite — запалювати

ignition — займання

intake (inlet) stroke — такт впуску

internal combustion engine – двигун внутрішнього згорання

mixture — суміш

operating cycle - робочий цикл

petrol engine — бензиновий двигун

piston — поршень

power stroke — робочий хід

pressure - тиск

reciprocating movement — зворотно-поступальний рух

residual gas — залишковий газ

rotary movement — обертальний рух

spark plug — свіча запалювання

stroke — хід (поршня);

top dead center — верхня мертва точка

valve – клапан

 

UNIT 7

CHASSIS

Learn new vocabulary.

unit - блок, агрегат

gear — шестерня

power transmission –силова трансмісія

gearbox - коробка передач

tractive effort — тягове зусилля

running gear — ходова частина

driving wheels — ведучі колеса

shaft — вал

car springs — ресори автомобіля

flywheel — маховик

rear axle — задній міст

clutch — зчеплення

final drive — головна передача

friction device — фрикційний пристрій

axle shafts - півосі

crankshaft — колінчастий вал

brakes – гальма

Chassis

The main units of the chassis are: the power transmission, the running gear and the steering mechanism. The power transmission includes the whole mechanism between the engine and the rear wheels. This entire mechanism consists of the clutch, gearbox, propeller (cardan) shaft, rear axle, final drive, differential and axle shafts.

At the front end of the car is the engine. On the back of it is the flywheel. Behind the flywheel is the clutch. The clutch is a friction device connecting the engine with the gears of the gearbox. The main function of the gearbox is to change the speed of the car.

The power is always transmitted by the cardan shaft to the live back axle. The final drive reduces the high speed of the engine to the low speed of the driving wheels. The differential enables the driving wheels to turn at different speeds which is necessary when turning the car. The foundation of the automobile is the frame to which different chassis units are attached wheels to turn at different speeds which is necessary when turning the car. The foundation of the automobile is the frame to which different chassis units are attached.

The rear axle is capable of moving up and down about the frame. The rear axle is an important part of the transmission. It carries the greater portion of the weight of the car.

The steering mechanism is designed for changing the direction of the car.

The brakes are used for stopping the car, for decreasing its speed and for holding the car position.

Translate into English.

1.Основні вузлами шасі є: трансмісія, ходова

частина і рульовий механізм.

2.Радіатор розташовується в передній частині автомобіля.

3.Маховик кріпиться на задній частині двигуна.

4.Зчеплення з'єднує двигун з коробкою передач.

5.Коробка передач призначена для зміни швидкості

руху автомобіля.

6.Зусилля передається карданним валом.

7.Головна передача знижує високі оберти двигуна до

невисоких обертів провідних колес.

8.Діференціал дозволяє ведучим колесам обертатися з різною швидкістю при повороті автомобіля.

9.Рульовий механізм призначений для зміни напрямку

руху автомобіля.

10.Гальма використовуються для зупинки або зниження швидкості автомобіля.

UNIT 8

FRAME

Learn new words.

frame — рама

twist - кручення

support — опора

suspension - підвіска

body - кузов

channel section — порожниста секція

longitudinal members - лонжерони

weld —зварювати

cross members —поперечини

rivet — заклепувати

reinforce — посилювати

insulate — ізолювати

rigid — жорсткий, твердий

rubber pad – гумова прокладка

unibody construction —цільна конструкція

withstand strains —витримувати напругу

strengthen – зміцнювати

 

2.Read the text, find there English equivalents to the following words:

Лонжерони, поперечини, жорсткий, міцний, витримувати навантаження, підвіска, звичайна (загальноприйнята) рама, безрамна конструкція, порожнисті секції, зварені чи заклепані, прикріплювати до рами, гумові прокладки, зміцнювати.

 

Frame

The foundation of the automobile chassis is the frame which provides support for the engine, body and power-train members.

Cross members reinforce the frame. The frame is rigid and strong so that it can withstand the shocks, vibrations, twists and other strains to which it is put on the road.

The frame provides a firm structure for the body, as well as a good point for the suspension system. There are two types of frames, namely: conventional frames and integral (unibody) frames (frameless constructions).

Conventional frames are usually made of heavy steel channel sections welded or riveted together. All other parts of the car are attached to the frame.

In order to prevent noise and vibrations from passing to the frame and from there to the passengers of the car, the frame is insulated from these parts by rubber pads.

It is also important to insulate the frame in order to prevent metal- to-metal contacts.

Frameless (unibody) constructions are called so because they are made integral with the body. The body parts are used to structurally strengthen the entire car. Some unibody frames have partial front and rear frames for attaching the engine and suspension members.

Answer the questions.

1.What does the frame provide?

2.Why is the frame rigid and strong?

3.What types of frames are there?

4.What is the conventional frame made of?

5.By what is the frame insulated from the other car parts? For what purpose?

6.What do you know about unibody frames?

4. Match the beginning of the sentences with the appropriate ending.

Translate into English.

1. Рама забезпечує опору для кузова, двигуна і вузлів

силової передачі.

2.Він складається з лонжеронів і поперечин, які підсилюють раму.

3.Рама повинна витримувати вібрацію, кручення та інші

навантаження.

4.Рами бувають двох типів: звичайні (стандартні) і

виконані воєдино з кузовом.

5.Стандартні рами виготовляються зі сталевих порожнистих секцій, зварених або зкріплених разом.

6.Безрамні конструкції виконані воєдино з кузовом.

7.Рама ізолюється від кузова гумовими прокладками, щоб шуми і вібрації не доходили до пасажирів автомобіля.

Retell the text briefly.

UNIT 9

CLUTCH

Find Ukrainian equivalents.

1 – exhaust manifold

2 – exhaust pipe

3 – catalytic converter

4 - muffler

5 – tail pipe

6 – tail pipe extension

 

Clutch

1. flywheel

2. friction disc

3. pressure disk

4. spring

5. cover

6. thrust bearing

7. lever

8. pedal

 

3. Read the text, find there the following words, and write their Ukrainian equivalents:

Friction device, clutch, gearbox, to free, to start, to release, flywheel, pressure plate, basic principle of operation, to fix, hard-wearing material, to consist of, to be controlled by, running engine, to run idly, to engage, to disengage, to press down, to be at rest.

Clutch

The clutch is a friction device. It connects the engine to the gears in the gearbox. It is used for disconnecting the engine from the gearbox, for starting the car and for releasing the engine from the car wheels.

The clutch is fixed between the flywheel of the engine and the gearbox and consists of two plates (discs): the friction disc and the pressure disc.

The friction disc is situated between the flywheel and the pressure plate and has a hard-wearing material on each side.

The basic principal operation of the clutch is a frictional force acting between two discs. The clutch is controlled by the clutch pedal. When the pedal is at rest the clutch is engaged and the running engine is connected to the gearbox. When the pedal is pressed down the clutch is disengaged and the engine runs idly.

Answer the questions.

1. What device is the clutch?

2. What units does it connect?

3. What is the clutch used for?

4. Where is the clutch placed?

5. What plates does the clutch consist of?

6. What is the basic principal operation of the clutch?

7. What is the clutch controlled by?

8. What takes place when the clutch pedal is at rest?

9. When does the engine run idly?

 

Translate into English.

1. Зчеплення - це фрикційний пристрій.

2. Зчеплення з'єднує двигун і коробку передач.

3. Зчеплення розташоване між маховиком двигуна і коробкою передач.

4. Як правило, зчеплення складається з двох дисків: веденого і натискного.

5. Зчеплення управляється педаллю зчеплення.

6. Коли педаль зчеплення перебуває в спокої, диски зчеплення з'єднані, і працюючий двигун з'єднаний з коробкою передач і колесами.

7. Коли водій натискає на педаль зчеплення, диски відходять, зчеплення від'єднується і двигун працює вхолосту.

 

UNIT 10

GEARBOX

Learn new words.

gear — шестерня, передача

gearbox - коробка передач

gearing - зубчате з'єднання

road conditions — дорожні умови

forward speed — передня швидкість

reverse drive - зворотній задній хід

low gear - перша передача

top gear — четверта (пряма) передача

sliding-mesh gearbox – коробка передач з ковзаючими шестернями

constant-mesh gearbox - коробка передач з постійним зчепленням шестерней.

epicyclic (planetary) gearbox - епіциклічна (планетарна) коробка передач

ordinary gearing — стандартне зубчате зчеплення

characteristic feature —характерна особливість

fixed axes – зафіксовані (нерухомі) вісі

rotate bodyly — обертатися корпусом

axis - вісь

axle — вал

secure — забезпечити

shifting – перемикання

in direct line – важливо

Gearbox

The gearbox is placed between the clutch and the propeller shaft. I lie principal function of the gearbox is to vary the speed of the car movement to meet the road conditions. The gearbox provides four forward speeds and one reverse, as follows:

1. First or low gear;

2.Second gear;

3.Third gear;

4.Fourth or top gear;

5.Reverse gear.

There are many constructional arrangements of gearboxes, which can be classified as follows:

1.Sliding-mesh type;

2.Constant-mesh type;

3.Epicyclic (planetary) type.

The sliding-mesh type is the simplest one and is the oldest historically.

The constant-mesh type is the most widely used type. They are termed "ordinary" gearing, the characteristic feature of which is that I lie axes of the various gears are fixed axes. The gears simply rotate about their own axes.

The characteristic feature of epicyclic (planetary) gearing is that one gear rotates about its own axis and also rotates bodily about some other axis.

To secure the several speeds of the car the clutch shaft is mounted In direct line with the gearbox shaft. The gearbox shaft carries on it the sliding gears which are used for shifting to secure the forward speeds and the reverse drive.

 

Translate into English.

1.Коробка передач призначена для зміни швидкості

руху автомобіля.

2. Коробка передач забезпечує чотири передні швидкості і задній хід.

3.Коробки передач можуть бути: з ковзаючими шестернями, з постійним зачепленням шестерней і планетарного типу.

4.Самими простими є коробки передач з ковзаючими

шестернями.

5.Коробки передач з постійним зчепленням шестерней

використовуються найчастіше.

6.Ковзаючі шестерні на валу коробки передач використовуються для забезпечення передніх швидкостей і зворотнього ходу.

UNIT 11

BRAKES

Brake System.

3. Read the text, find English equivalents to the following words:

Гальма, безпека пасажирів залежить від правильної роботи гальм, барабанні гальма, дискові гальма, гальма з підсилювачем, гідравлічний привід гальм, рідина під тиском, гальма спрацьовують, гальмівне зусилля, натиснути на гальмівну педаль.

Brakes

Brakes are used to slow or stop the car where it is necessary. It is one of the most important mechanisms of the car as upon its proper performance the safety of passengers depends. Car brakes can be divided into two types, namely: drum brakes and disc brakes. The drum type may be either a band brake or a shoe brake. Depending on their functions, the automobile has foot brakes and hand brakes (parking brakes). According to their mode of operation, the brakes are classified as: mechanical brakes, hydraulic brakes, airbrakes, electric brakes. Brakes are controlled by the brake pedal.

Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. This system consists of a master cylinder mounted on the car frame and wheel cylinders. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal, it forces the piston to move in the master cylinder and brake fluid is delivered from 11 to the wheel cylinders. The piston movement causes brake shoes to move and the brakes are applied (the brake shoes are pressed against the brake drums).

The air brake uses compressed air to apply the braking force to the brake shoes.

Electric brakes use electromagnets to provide the braking effort against the brake shoes.

Formerly brakes were applied only to the two rear wheels, but now all cars are equipped with all-wheels brakes. Today many improvements are being made in brakes.

 

Answer the questions.

2. What types are brakes divided into?

3. What brakes do you know according to their mode of operation?

4. What braking systems are used today?

5. By what are brakes controlled?

6. When are brakes applied?

 

Translate into English.

1.Гальма є найбільш важливим механізмом автомобіля.

2.Вони використовуються для уповільнення руху або зупинки автомобіля.

3.Гальма можна розділити на два типи, а саме: барабанні гальма і дискові гальма.

4.На більшості автомобілів використовується гідравлічний привід або пневматичний привід.

5.Гальма спрацьовують, коли водій натискає на гальмівну педаль.

Troubles in Braking System

The basic troubles of the braking system are as follows:

1) poor braking action;

2)sticking brake shoes which would not return to the initial position after a brake pedal is released;

3) non-uniform braking of the left and the right wheels on a common axle;

4) leakage of brake fluid and air leakage in the hydraulic brake;

5) poor air tightness of the pneumatic brake control.

What to do:

1. Check the action of the foot and hand brakes and leak proofness of the brake hoses connections, components of the hydraulic and pneumatic controls of the brakes, as well as of the vacuum- power system.

2. Inspect the friction linings, wheel-brake springs, master and wheel cylinders of the hydraulic brake and the air compressor of the pneumatic brake using a test manometer to check it.

UNIT 12

STEERING SYSTEM

Learn the vocabulary.

guide the саг — керувати автомобілем

means of turning — засіб повороту

front wheels – передні колеса

steering wheel — рульове колесо

steering column — рульова колонка

for this purpose — для цієї мети

pivot — шарнір

swing (swang, swung) - повертатись

steering knuckle arm – важіль поворотного колеса

tie-rod — поперечна тяга

in turn — в свою чергу

pitman arm – рульова сошка

rack and pinion assembly — рульовий механізм з рейкою і шестернею

ball joint — шаровой шарнір

leverage — ричажний механізм

hose — шланг, рукав

steering gear assembly – рульовий механізм

rack and pinion type - рейково-шестерний тип

(рульового механізму)

recirculating ball steering - рульовий механізм з кульковою гайкою

worm and sector — червяк та сектор

injury – пошкодження

steering box - картер рульового механізму

Steering System.

1. Steering wheel –

2. Steering column, steering must-

3. Steering gear –

4. Steering arm, steering level, pitman arm –

5. Steering knuckle-

6. Steering knuckle arm –

7. Single tie-rod-

8. Steering knuckle arm –

9. Drug link, steering gear connecting rod, steering drag rod –

Steering System

То guide the car, it is necessary to have some means of turning the front wheels so that the car can be pointed in the direction the driver wants to go. The steering wheel in front of the driver is linked by gears and levers to the front wheels for this purpose. The front wheels are on pivots so they can be swung to the left or right. They are attached by steering knuckle arms to the rods. The tie-rods are, in turn, attached (o (he pitman arm.

When the steering wheel is turned, gearing in the steering gear assembly causes the pitman arm to turn to the left or right. This movement is carried by the tie-rods to the steering knuckle arms, and wheels, musing them to turn to the left or right.

The steering system incorporates: the steering wheel and column, steering gear, pitman arm, steering knuckle arm, front axle, steering knuckle pivot, tie-rods.

There are several different manual steering gears in current use,rack and pinion steering gear is widely used. Another manual steering gear which is popular in imported cars is the worm and sector type.

The steering wheel and column are the source of injury to the driver, air bags and other devices being developed now to save the life of a driver.

Energy-absorbing columns must stop the steering wheel and column from being pushed to the rear as the front of the car is crushed in an impact.

Energy-absorbing columns must also provide the driver with a tolerable impact as he moves forward and strikes the wheel with his chest.

Answer the questions.

1. What mechanism is necessary to guide the car?

2. How is the steering wheel connected to the front wheels?

3. Why can the front wheels be swung to the left or to the right?

4. What does the manual steering system incorporate?

5. What types of manual steering gears in use do you know?

 

UNIT 13

FINDING A FAULT IN THE CAR

Learn the vocabulary.

servicing – обслуговування

a fault - несправність

foresee - передбачати

start the car - завести машину

battery - акумулятор

fill up - заповнювати

spark plugs - свічки запалювання

to cause - викликати,спричиняти

adjust - регулювати

width - ширина

petrol pump - бензонасос

fuel pipe – паливна система

starter motor - пусковий двигун

be jammed - застрягання,зминання

to release - звільняти

impurities - домішки

decrease - знижувати

airflow - повітряний потік

thorough overhaul - капітальний ремонт

 

2. Discuss the following questions:

1. Are you good at repairing cars?

2. What are the most common faults in a car?

3. Do you know how to repair them?

Finding a Fault in the Car

Servicing your car regularly you prevent it from becoming unreliable. Of course, you can't foresee everything. Having failed to start the car in the morning you had better check three things first: the battery, the fuel level and the spark plugs. It is quite easy to repair these faults.

If the battery appears to be flat it is necessary to recharge it. If this doesn't work, you should replace it.

An empty tank is another common fault in the car. Having noticed a fuel warning light on the instrument panel of your car you should fill up the tank with more petrol.

Dirty spark plugs are also certain to cause a problem. To drive the car it is important to clean them regularly and adjust the gap in the spark plugs to the proper width. If the gap is not correct the engine will not run well.

If your car still does not start, the petrol pump may be broken, or the fuel pipe may be blocked. Having discovered a broken pump, it is a good idea to repair or replace it. If the fuel pipe is blocked, take it off and unblock it.

Having heard a loud CLICK! When you turn the key, you are sure to realize that the starter motor may be jammed. If it is, you can try to release it pushing the car forwards and backwards (in the 2nd gear). If the car still doesn't start, the starter motor should be repaired or even replaced.

And don't forget about the air filter. Its function is to remove particles of dirt, dust and other impurities from the air passing to the carburettor. A blocked filter decreases the airflow to the carburettor thus increasing the amount of fuel in the mixture. This causes the engine to operate inefficiently. Cleaning and changing filters regularly you prevent a considerable damage that is certain to be caused inside the cylinders. In this case the engine will need a thorough overhaul.

If you are a poor mechanic, stopping at service stations periodically you will save at least time and money. As they say, prevention is better than cure.

UNIT 14

CAR COMPANIES

Learn new vocabulary.

demand – попит, вимога

productivity -продуктивність

improvement-поліпшення

cease-припинятися

truck-вантажівка

enable-дозволити

cab-таксі

mounted-змонтований

flat-плоский

suspension-підвіска

enhance comfort-підвищення комфорту

effi­ciency - ефективність

halogen work lights-галогенні фари

climate control filters-фільтри клімат-контролю

anti-burst - анти-сплеск

outstanding per­formance-видатна продуктивність

reliability- надійність

refinement- витонченість

trust- довіряти

Answer the questions.

Nowadays there exist a lot of car companies all over the world. Some of them are very old some of them have just appeared on the market.

1. What famous car companies do you know?

2. Are there any famous corporations in your country?

3. Do they produce only cars?

 

3. All these words are from the text below. Learn how to pronounce them
properly. Do you know their Ukrainian equivalents?

enable [i’neibl] halogen [‘hæləd3ən] n

efficiently [i'fi∫əntli] adv unique [ju:'ni:k] adj

acoustical [ə'ku:stikəl] adj reliability [,rilaiə'biliti] n
absorber [əb's(:bə] n

 

UNIT 15

MINI MOTOR CARS.

Answer these questions.

 

1. When was the first Mini produced?

2. Who was this car designed by?

3. How did a typical family car look like in the 1950s?

4. What changes did Alec Issigonis make in a new car, called the Mini?

5. What are the advantages of the Mini?

6. Do you think that the Mini is a good car? Why? / Why not?

7. Would you like to drive such a car yourself?

Complete the sentences.

1. Mini motor cars are... all over Europe.

2. The Mini has become Britain's most... and... car.

3. In the 1950s BMC wanted to build a... and... car.

4. The Mini... by Alec Issigonis.

5. The car... half a meter....

6. The wheels were made....

7. The engine... sideways and the... was put underneath.

8. Today almost every car is... on the... of the....

 

7. The Technical University will hold a students' conference tomorrow called "Small cars - a myth or reality?" Make a short report on mini cars.

Your brother started working in a prosperous engineering company last year and he has saved enough money for a small, cheap car. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of buying a small car and give your brother a piece of advice.

UNIT 16

FUTURE TRENDS

The Car of the Future

It is a cold winter morning but your car is waiting for you, warm and comfortable, at exactly the temperature you like.You open the door by pressing your finger against the lock and your car greets you with a friendly “Hi, how are you?”You sit down and the computer reminds you of your schedule. You start the car. You now have a joystick, steering-by-wire, braking-by-wire.The old mechanical parts of the past are gone.

As you back out of your driveway, warning sensors warn you about objects and pedestrians in your way. Using voice commands you programme your route, check your e-mails and dictate answers, ask for local and international news, look up phone numbers, and play music.

He car also looks after your health. Sensors in your seat and armrest tell you your weight and blood pressure, while sensors in the dashboard notice if you are drowsy and vibrate the joystick to wake you.

Many of the world worries associated with driving are gone. Traffic jams don’t happen any more because your car automatically avoids crowded roads.Collision avoidance sensors prevent accidents. Speeding tickets are also a thing of the past – sensors pick up signals from traffic signs and automatically adjust your speed or stop your car. And breaking down is no longer a problem.Your car diagnoses any potential faults or worn parts and warns you and the service station.When you arrive at the service station, the spare parts are already waiting for you.

Your car can even park itself.Just stop at any parking space (your car knows, of course, if parking is permitted here) and operate the automatic parking system. The car scans the size and shape of the available space and then reverses in.

Supplementary Reading.

BRAND DNA

Every car has a brand DNA which makes it distinctive and instantly recognizable. When you see a BMW or Rover, for example, you know exactly what it is. The importance of national culture in brand DNA is critical, even though global takeovers, mergers, and partnerships are constantly reshaping the car industry. Volvo, based in Sweden, is now owned by an American company, and Britain’s Jaguar, Rolls-Royce, and Bentley are no longer British-owned. Chrysler, that most American of manufactures, is now part of a German company. Spain’s Seat and the Czech car maker Skoda are owned by Germany’s Volkswagen. And General Motors has controlled Sweden’s Saab for a number of years.

Brand DNA consists of corporate identity and an unmistakable design which is influenced by culture. ‘Britishness’ or ‘Frenchness’ is important. But how can ‘Americanness’ or ‘Italianess’ be defined by a few hundred pounds of sheet metal bent over a frame and set down on four wheels?

To Fiat, Italian means ‘sporty’. “People buy Italian cars because they look Italian”, said Richard Gadeselli, head of corporate affairs for Fiat Auto Seicento (Fiat’s smallest car) has a sporty feel. In everything we design, we try and strive for that. If we took the badges off, people would say, ‘I don’t know what that is, but it feels Italian.’

Similarly, Japanese design is unmistakably Japanese because of its Zen-like purity and simplicity. Akira Fujimoto, chief editor of Japan’s Car Styling magazine, says that the level of detail is the key to Japanese design, “With an American car, you can see the differences at 300 meters. With a Japanese car, you see the differences at three meters. Japan is a small country so there’s no need to see the differences from far away.”

Peter Horbury, chief designer for Volvo Cars, although British himself, says he believes the Swedish essence of Volvo is something the company should keep even if it is owned by Ford Motor Co. But what is Swedishness? “Swedish cars are safe, practical, and functional and have a timeless quality.”

 

THE ROLLS-ROYCE

When you first glimpse the new Rolls-Royce, you will be seeing the latest refinements in technology and elegance for the world's most luxurious motor car.

The new sleek appearance has been achieved through the subtlest of changes to the classic grill design. Still made by hand and stamped with the craftsman's own insignia. The new proportions combined with a reshaped air dam have streamlined the front, while the integrated bumpers of colour coded sills continue the smooth line around the car to the rear.

By adding new and larger 16-inch road wheels with specially designed lower profile tyres there is a noticeable improvement in road holding, responsiveness, handling and above all comfort. Moreover, the new wheels contribute appreciably to the new profile in the quest for higher standards of luxury and comfort for driver and passenger alike.

The new interior presents some thoughtful innovations. An adjustable tilt steering wheel column, linked to the seat position memory, swings up to allow easy entry and exit when the door is opened or when the key is removed from the ignition.

The redesigned center armrest now houses the CD multichanger as well as the telephone for convenience and accessibility. The new center console sweeps up to

the restyled fascia with the veneered panels revealing the cigar lighter and the new in-car entertainment controls which have been regrouped for simple operation. A new four by thirty Watt speaker system with increased dynamic capacity and low listening volume gives improved presence and clarity. The new center console also provides independent air-conditioning to the rear compartment through separate volume and directional controls.

A new seat design has improved comfort and support, while providing increased head room. All carefully handcrafted in the finest leather and burr walnut veneer.

Ever since 1904 when Henry Royce first produced his astonishing advance in smoother, quieter and more reliable motoring, the marque of Rolls-Royce has always held the pursuit of excellence in engineering, constantly seeking refinements.

The increased power of the 6.75 liter Rolls-Royce V8 engine gives confidence, comfort and safety in equal measure. Still assembled by hand to tolerances of ten thousandths of an inch, this finely balanced engine harnesses the latest electronic management systems. So many Rolls-Royce engineering advances have contributed to safer driving throughout the history of motoring. Safety derived through immense power in reserve for safer overtaking. Side impact protection bars pioneered by Rolls-Royce in 1981.

The most sensitive adaptive ride control that monitors the acceleration, braking, and cornering style every one hundredth of a second to ensure the car is kept smooth and level.

Full-sized driver and passenger airbags neatly housed in the immaculate interior have long been standard. The commanding driving position supported by the new economically designed seats contributes to the safety of the driver.

This combination of safety and elegance, the fusion of advanced technology with traditional craftsmanship is the very latest development in the pursuit of motoring excellence.

To ride in the new Rolls-Royce is to experience the ultimate in luxury motoring. To own the new Rolls-Royce is to be counted amongst the most successful and deserving people in the world.

 

 

THE DIESEL ENGINE

In 1890s Rudolf Diesel, a German, invented the engine that bears his name. As distinguished from gasoline engines diesels have no ignition system fed with electricity. The fuel is ignited simply by contact with very hot air in the cylinder

The operation performed is like this: when taken in the cylinder the air is highly compressed, the temperature rises so the heated fuel-air mixture burns. The higher the pressure, the higher the temperature. Besides the compressed mixture produced more power than that uncompressed.

Diesel engines power many of the used vehicles and other equipment. They are usually used in cases where engine weight is not a prime factor. Their advantage is that they are simple in design and use much heavier liquid fuels than gasoline engines. The cost of a heavier fuel is much less than that of a light one.

Besides the fuel consumption of a diesel is much less than that of gasoline engines.

Although applied for many purposes diesel engines have certain disadvantages. Their weight is more than that of a gasoline engine of the same power and it occupies much space. The disadvantages of diesels as passenger-car engines are slow performance, noise and smoke.

All the companies investigating diesels are trying to reduce noise and smoke, but the problems are not yet entirely solved. Diesel engines clatter when started on a cold morning. And the warm-up period for all diesels seems too long to drivers accustomed to gasoline models.

 

 

HOW GM’s HY-WIRE WORKS

Cars are very complicated machines with an incredibly simple job of turning wheels. The overall function of the car being so basic, does it actually need all those complex heavy devices? Most likely, a lot of us will be driving radically different vehicles within 20 years.

Two basic elements dictating car design are the internal combustion engine and mechanical and hydraulic linkages. The defining feature of the Hi-wire is that it has neither of them. The engine is replaced with a fuel cell stack, which powers an electric motor connected to the wheels. A computer-based drive-by-wire system substitutes the linkages.

These changes result in a very different car – and a very different driving. These are no pedals, no steering wheel and no engine compartment. In fact, all the equipment moving the car is housed in an 11-inch-thick aluminum chassis at the base of the car. The main computer in the chassis sends electronic signals to the motor control unit to vary the speed, the steering mechanism to maneuver the car, and the braking system to slow the car down.

Everything above the chassis serves only to driver control and passenger comfort, but the coolest thing in this design is the possibility to switch from a van to a sports car just by replacing the car body.

The driver’s control unit (X-drive) looks like a video game joystick having two ergonomic grips, to the left and right of a small monitor replacing an instrument panel and giving you a rear view from video cameras (in place of mirrors). Buttons on the controller let you switch easily from neutral to drive to reverse, and a starter button turns the car on. As it doesn’t directly drive any part of the car, the X-drive controller can be moved freely in the passenger compartment. A second monitor provides stereo, climate control and navigation information.

There are no ideal cars as yet. Safety is a big concern with drive-by-wire cars since electrical failure means the total loss of control. The other burning issue is developing energy-efficient methods of supplying hydrogen for the onboard fuel-cell stacks. Assuming that GM can tackle the major fuel and safe