I. Complete the sentences. Answer the questions.

1. Columbus named the inhabitants of the place he discovered Indians because he thought he had found ______________.

2. The island Columbus called Juana is today called ___________.

3. What year did Christopher Columbus finally set sail with his three ships and crew? _________.

4. In what direction did Christopher Columbus sail? ______________

5. When did Columbus spot land on his first voyage? ________________

6. When Columbus returned to Spain he was given the title ____________.

7. How many voyages did Columbus make to the New World? ___________________

8. Columbus's voyage to the New World would not have been possible if it were not for _______________________.

9. Columbus had three ships. They were the Nina, Pinta, and __________.

II. Translate into English:

1. В Средние века основной целью путешественников было паломничество.

2. Европейцы пытались открыть торговые пути на Восток.

3. Бродячие актёры и музыканты перемещались из одной страны в другую со своими выступлениями.

4. Монголы совершали увеселительные поездки в Индию.

5. Многие географические открытия были сделаны в Средние века.

6. Христофор Колумб пытался найти кратчайший путь из Европы в Азию через Атлантический океан.

7. Знаменитым путешественником Средневековья был Марко Поло. Он подробно описал в своей книге путешествие в Китай.

8. Испанский король Фердинанд и королева Изабелла дали Колумбу 3 корабля и команду для путешествия на Восток.

9. Однако он не нашёл тех богатств, которые хотел.

10. Колумб открыл все важнейшие острова вокруг американского континента и саму Америку.

SPEAKING

Compare travel in the Ancient Times with travel in the Middle Ages. What changes took place? What was unchanged? Use the following expressions:

to begin	to compare, to add an idea or to enumerate facts	to summarize and conclude	to give your personal opinion
So Well To begin with It's evident	First of all Secondly Besides; moreover Furthermore Also By the way	To sum it up To crown it all To cut a long story short In any case; anyway In general	I expect To be quite frank As far as I know In my opinion Frankly speaking I can't say for sure

PART 3 THE GRAND TOUR

VOCABULARY

Read and memorize the following words

outcome _n

under the reign

court _n

to encourage

custom _n

to accompany

ostensibly

pleasure _n

gentry _n

to displace

advent _n

to inhibit

decline _n

awareness _n

cure _n

to take the cure

to acquire

to change

society _n

seaside resort _n

sand _n

benefit _n

therefore

to spring up

to immerse

to overcrowd

overcrowding _n

inland

to grow (in popularity)

steam _n

steamboat _n

to introduce

circuit _n

COMMENTS

a tutor – a teacher who works with one student or a small group

to institutionalize – to make something become part of a particular society, system or organization

a position – a rank or level in a company, competition or society; a job

spa – a town where water comes out of the ground and people come to drink it or lie in it because they think it will improve their health

LANGUAGE FOCUS

The prefix over- attached to a verb gives the meaning of “too much”: crowd – overcrowd.

WORD STUDY

I. Make nous from the following verbs with the help of prefix over–. Translate them.

to balance ­­– …, to buy – …, to colour – …, to come – …, to control – …, to develop – …, to do – …, to dose – …, to dry – …, to eat – …, to expose – …, to extend – …, to fill – …, to flow – …, to grow – …, to heat – …, to pay – …, to sleep – …, to work – ….

II. Match the words with their definitions

cure n	someone who visits a person or place
status n	rich, powerful and fashionable people
high society n	enthusiasm for doing something; the need or reason for do something
benefit n	something that makes someone with an illness healthy again
inland	something shaped approximately like a circle, especially a route, path or sports track which starts and ends in the same place
visitor n	an accepted or official position, especially in a social group
motivation n	in the middle of a country, away from the sea
circuit n	a helpful or good effect, or something intended to help

 

III. Replace words in italic by their synonyms from the vocabulary list

1. There is no known remedy for this disease.

2. The wheel in the Indian flag is an emblem of peace.

3. One of the many advantages of foreign travel is learning how to cope with the unexpected.

4. Some 500 travel agencies made their appearance last year.

5. Ben, you’ve got some guests to see you!

6. Let’s go to the seashore at the weekend!

7. Tourism’s popularity continues to increase.

READING

TEXT 1 The Grand Tour

From the early seventeenth century, a new form of tourism was developed as a direct outcome of the Renaissance. Under the reign of Elizabeth 1, young men seeking positions at court were encouraged to travel to continent to finish their education. Later, it became customary for education of gentleman to be completed by a 'Grand Tour' accompanied by a tutor and lasting for three or more years. While ostensibly educational, the pleasure seeking men travelled to enjoy life and culture of Paris, Venice or Florence. By the end of eighteenth century, the custom had become institutionalised in the gentry. Gradually pleasure travel displaced educational travel. The advent of Napoleonic wars inhibited travel for around 30 years and led to the decline of the custom of the Grand Tour.

TEXT 2 The development of the spas

The spas grew in popularity in the seventeenth century in Britain and a little later in the European Continent as awareness about the therapeutic qualities of mineral water increased. Taking the cure in the spa rapidly acquired the nature of a status symbol. The resorts changed in character as pleasure became the motivation of visits. They became an important centre of social life for the high society.

In the nineteenth century they were gradually replaced by the seaside resort.

The sun, sand and sea resorts

The sea water became associated with health benefits. The earliest visitors therefore drank it and did not bathe in it. By the early eighteenth century, small fishing resorts sprung up in England for visitors who drank and immersed themselves in sea water. With the overcrowding of inland spas, the new sea side resorts grew in popularity. The introduction of steamboat services in 19th century introduced more resorts in the circuit. The seaside resort gradually became a social meeting point.

ACTIVITIES

I. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word from the box below in the right form

a tutor a decline ostensibly a custom to displace to encourage an advent to accompany to inhibit

1. His … encouraged him to read widely in philosophy.

2. We were … to learn foreign languages at University.

3. Pilgrimage seems to be on the ….

4. He has spent the last three months in Florida, … for medical treatment.

5. Life in Europe transformed by the … of the steam engine.

6. In 17^th century, it was the … to finish the education abroad.

7. Today, TV and Internet have … tourism.

8. Would you like me to … you to the station.

9. The Napoleonic wars … travel in Europe for around 30 years.

II. The following statements about the “Grand Tour” are all incorrect. Correct each one. Use “No, it is not the truth”, “It’s false”, “I don’t agree” and other parenthetical clauses.

1. The Grand Tour was a direct cause of the Renaissance.

2. Young men seeking position at court were encouraged to travel to build empire.

3. Later the Grand Tour became the concluding part of job search of gentlemen.

4. They were accompanied by a parent and the Tour lasted 3 or more months.

5. But the pleasure seeking men travelled to discover natural beauty of the Mediterranean.

6. Finally, educational travel displaced pleasure travel.

III. True or false?

1. The spas grew in popularity in the 13^th century in the Indies.

2. With the awareness about the therapeutic qualities of mineral water, the spas became popular also in the Europe.

3. The resorts sprang up as health became the motivation of visits.

4. They became an important centre of social life for the middle class.

5. The industrial revolution became associated with health benefits.

6. In the beginning, people drank this water but did not bathe in it.

7. The airline services in 19^th century introduced more resorts in the circuit.

8. The seaside resort gradually became a service meeting point.

SPEAKING

I. Recently “The New York Times” described the Grand Tour in this way:

“Three hundred years ago, wealthy young Englishmen began taking a post-Oxbridge trek through France and Italy in search of art, culture and the roots of Western civilization. With nearly unlimited funds, aristocratic connections and months (or years) to roam, they commissioned paintings, perfected their language skills and mingled with the upper crust of the Continent.”

(Gross, Matt. "Lessons From the Frugal Grand Tour." New York Times 5 September 2008.)