For the third year students of building speciality of the secondary specialized educational establishment

ФГОУ СПО

АСТРАХАНСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ

СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА И ЭКОНОМИКИ

ГЕТМИЧЕНКО Н.И.

ENGLISH HANDBOOK

FOR THE THIRD YEAR STUDENTS OF BUILDING SPECIALITY OF THE SECONDARY SPECIALIZED EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT

 

 

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ТРЕТЬЕГО КУРСА

СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ СРЕДНИХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫХ УЧЕБНЫХ ЗАВЕДЕНИЙ

ASTRAKHAN 2006

 

ББК 81.2 Англ

Учебное пособие рекомендовано для студентов третьего курса строительных специальностей средних специальных учебных заведений.– Астрахань, 2006. – 81 с.

 

 

Автор: Н.И. Гетмиченко

Рецензенты: зав. кафедрой англ. языка для Института Соц. Наук АГУ, канд. филол. наук, доц. Э.А. Саракаева

 

 

Утверждено к печати на заседании ПК

Протокол №________________от__________________2006г.

 

· Гетмиченко Наталья Игоревна

· Астраханский колледж строительства и экономики

АННОТАЦИЯ

 

Предлагаемое учебное пособие предназначено для студентов третьего курса ССУЗов, изучающие строительные специальности. В пособии изложены основные разделы лексики и грамматики, необходимые для изучения иностранного языка в сфере получаемой специальности.

В этой работе отражена терминология основных направлений строительной деятельности. Пособие имеет практическую направленность и ориентировано на активную методику обучения иностранного языка.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

UNIT 1 5

LEXICAL MATERIAL: BUIDING MATERIALS 5

GRAMMAR: PASSIVE VOICE 12

ADDITIONAL STUDY: SAND.COPPER. 16

UNIT 2 21

LEXICAL MATERIAL: MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS 21

GRAMMAR: PAST AND FUTURE PERFECT 27

ADDITIONAL STUDY: NICKEL. PLATINUM. 31

UNIT 3 35

LEXICAL MATERIAL: BUILDING PROFESSIONS 35

GRAMMAR: INFINITIVE 39

ADDITIONAL STUDY: QUICKSAND. CHALK. 42

UNIT 4 47

LEXICAL MATERIAL: CIVIL ENGINEERING 47

GRAMMAR: GERUND 51

ADDITIONAL STUDY: MARBLE. ASBESTOS. 55

UNIT 5 59

LEXICAL MATERIAL: ENGINEERING COMPONENTS 59

GRAMMAR: PARTICIPLE I63

ADDITIONAL STUDY: SILVER. DIAMOND. 66

UNIT 6 70

LEXICAL MATERIAL: THE ART OF BUILDING 70

GRAMMAR: PARTICIPLE II 73

ADDITIONAL STUDY: SALT. SOIL. 76

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ 80

 

UNIT 1

LEXICAL MATERIAL: BUIDING MATERIALS

I. Read and translate the text “Building Materials”

Building Materials

 

Materials that are used for structural purposes should meet several requirements. In most cases it is important that they should be hard, durable, fire-resistant and easily fastened together. The most commonly used materials are wood, stone, brick, concrete, steel, glass, plastics, etc. They differ in hardness, durability, and fire-resistance.

Wood is the most ancient structural material. In comparison with steel wood is lighter, cheaper, easier to work with and its mechanical properties are good. On the other hand, wood has certain disadvantages. First, it burns, second – it decays. Stone belongs to one of the oldest building materials used by men. Stone has characteristic of many properties: mechanical strength, compactness, porosity, sound and heat insulation and fire-resistance.

Stone is widely used for foundations, walls and steps of buildings, etc. Bricks were known many thousand years ago. Bricks are hard and easily fastened together with the help of mortar. A brick building is strong, durable and weather resistant. Concrete is referred to as one of the most important materials. We live and work in concrete structures, drink water, which is brought to our houses through concrete pipes.

Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand and crushed stone, made into a paste with water. It forms a hard, durable mass and is used largely for the foundations and walls of houses, and for structures under the water. Steel has come into general use with the development of industry. Its manufacture requires special equipment and skilled labor.

Glass and plastics are also widely used nowadays in the construction of different kind of buildings. The raw materials employed in the manufacture of glass are: limestone, sand, soda ash, sodium sulfate, cullet (broken glass), and a small amount of aluminum.

All building materials are divided into 3 main groups:

1. Main building materials: rocks and artificial stones, timber and metals;

2. Cementing or binding materials such as lime, gypsum and cements;

3. Secondary or auxiliary materials which are used for the interior parts of the buildings.

Natural building materials are: stone, sand and timber. Cement, clay products and concrete are examples of artificial building materials.

Vocabulary

structural purpose - структурная цель

to meet requirements - соответствовать требованиям

hard - твердый

durable - прочный

fire-resistant - огнеустойчивый

concrete - цемент

steel - сталь

to decay - гнить

compactness - компактность

porosity - пористость

sound and heat insulation - звуко и тепло изоляция

weather resistant - погода-устойчивость

manufacture - производство

limestone - известняк

artificial - искусственный

timber - строительный лес

II. Answer the questions

1. What requirements should building materials meet?

2. What are the most commonly used materials?

3. How do the most commonly used materials differ?

4. What can you say about wood in comparison with steel?

5. What are the disadvantages of wood?

6. What characteristics does stone have?

7. Where can we use stone?

8. What qualities do bricks have?

9. What material is referred to as one of the most important material?

10. How do we get concrete?

11. What material did we get with the development of industry?

12. What raw materials do we need in the manufacture of glass?

13. What groups are all building materials divided into?

14. What materials can be referred to natural and artificial building materials?

IV. Complete the sentences

· Materials that are used for structural purposes ….

· The most commonly used materials are ….

· In comparison with steel wood is ….

· Stone has characteristic of many properties ….

· … is strong, durable and weather resistant.

· Concrete is a mixture ….

· The raw materials employed in the manufacture of glass are ….

· Natural building materials are ….

V. Make up dialogues on the topic “Building materials”. One of you is a student that is having a practice course on a plant, the other one is a tutor. A student is to ask his tutor about 2 or 3 building materials, the tutor is to give as much information as he/she can.

***

I. Translate the text

Natural building has emerged as a respond to an increasing concern for built environment. Natural materials can provide as alternative to toxic substances which have led to widespread environmental illness. While interest has surged in the industrialized West, the ancient roots of natural building are being lost in many traditional areas. Ironically, builders in the industrialized countries are now turning to these very cultures for solutions to their building problems.

It is to be hoped that increased interest and research into vernacular building systems will increase respect for these timeless ideas in their lands, and through diligent efforts by a number of people, many of these techniques are indeed being revived, studied and implemented throughout the world. Most popular natural building techniques and materials include bamboo, earthen floors, living roofs, natural plasters and finishes, paper blocks, and wood.

Vocabulary

to emerge – появляться, являться

respond - ответ

to provide - обеспечивать

substance - вещество

bamboo - бамбук

earthen floors – глиняное покрытие

living roofs – природные покрытия

 

III. Answer the questions

1. What has natural building emerged?

2. What is being lost in many traditional areas?

3. What will increase respect for these timeless ideas in their lands?

4. What are most popular natural building techniques and materials?

Vocabulary

thoroughly – тщательно, вполне

to fill - наполнять

to reinforce - укреплять

considerable - значительный

mould – форма, лепка

consolidated - укрепленный

I. Translate the texts

A

The chemical composition and characteristics of white Portland cement are similar to those of ordinary Portland cement except that the latter is of a grey color. The color of white cement is due to the raw materials used and special precautions taken in its production. The materials are pure limestone and china (white) clay, the iron oxide content being less than 1 percent. White cement is more expensive than ordinary cement. It is used in places where, for ornamental purpose, the white color is desirable.

B

High alumina cement is dark brown in color. It contains about 40 percent each of lime and alumina with about 15 percent of iron oxides. This cement sets at about the same rate as Portland cement but gains strength very rapidly. Owing to the chemical activity after hardening for the first 24 hours, it requires very wet curing conditions. This cement is several times more costly than ordinary cement.

C

Sandstones consist of grains and quartz (sand and silica) held together by a cement or matrix. Sandstones are classified according to the nature of the binding material. Sandstones form one of the most valuable materials. The durability of sandstones depends very largely upon the cementing material. Sandstones are therefore generally considered to be the most durable of the sedimentary rocks, as the binding material of silica is highly resistant to acid attack. The excellent state of preservation of many ancient, buildings built of this stone is evidence of this. City buildings constructed of sandstone often assume a drab appearance owing to the dark color.

Vocabulary

to develop - развивать

foundation - фундамент

coat - покрытие

handling - подход

maintenance - поддержание

III. Answer the questions

1. Where can plastics be applied?

2. What are the advantages that plastics can offer?

3. Are plastics used only for decorations?

4. Can plastics withstand severe outdoor conditions?

EXERCISES

SAND

Sand is a collection of tiny rocks. Sand is the result of the breakup of the solid rock surfaces of the earth during a period of million years. Some rock fragments undergo a chemical action or become dissolved into a fine powdery mass that becomes soil. The fragments that are too hard or could resist the chemical action remain gritty particles that we call sand. Each particle may be from a tenth to a hundredth of an inch in diameter.

In the breakup of ancient rocks, pieces of gravel would be picked up by floods and rivers and they would be rolled along down into the valleys and river beds. As they rolled, many of the gravel pebbles were cracked and gradually they become worn down into grains of sands.

If you look at sand under a magnifying glass, you will notice that there can be quite a collection of different particles. Those that are smooth and well-rounded have either traveled a long distance or have been churned around by the surf on the shore of an ocean. The particles with sharper edges have splintered off more recently and have not traveled very far.

Usually each grain of sand is composed of only one mineral. But if you pick up a handful of sand, there may be a variety of minerals in it. The most common mineral in sand is quartz. If there are iron compounds in the sand, it may have interesting colors. Some sands contain rare minerals such as gold, zircon, and garnet. The “white sands” of New Mexico are nearly pure gypsum. Some sand is so firm and hard packed that it can be used by the presence of just enough water to fill the spaces between the grains.

Vocabulary

to breakup - разрушать

solid - твердый

rock – камень, скала

surface - поверхность

fragment – фрагмент, элемент

to undergo - претерпевать

to dissolve - растворять

gritty – твердый, песчаный

particle - частица

gravel - гравий

to roll – катить

river beds – дно реки

pebble – галька

to magnify - увеличивать

glass - стекло

smooth - гладкий

well-rounded - закругленный

to churn - сбивать

surf - прибой

to splinter off - раскалывать

handful - горсть

compound - соединение

firm - прочный

hard packed - уплотненный

III. Answer the questions

1. How is sand called?

2. How does sand appear?

3. How do some rock fragments undergo?

4. How may each particle look like?

5. What may be noticed if you look at sand under a magnifying glass?

6. What has splintered off more recently?

7. How is each grain of salt composed of?

8. What happens if there are iron compounds in the sand?

9. What is nearly pure gypsum?

IV. Complete the sentences

1. Sand is the result of ….

2. The fragments that are too hard or ….

3. … would be picked up by floods.

4. Many of the gravel pebbles were cracked and ….

5. If you look at sand under a magnifying glass, you will ….

6. … have either traveled a long distance.

7. … is composed of only one mineral.

8. If you pick up a handful of sand ….

9. … it may have interesting colors.

10. Some sand is so firm and hard packed that it ….

COPPER

Man discovered copper before any other metal except gold. Before the dawn of history, it was used by Stone Age men. Copper is found in a fairy pure stat, in lumps and grains of free metal. Probably men first picked up the lumps because they were pretty. Then they made the great discovery that these strange red stones could be beaten into any shape. This was an easier method of making weapons and knives than chipping away at flints.

Much later, other men discovered that they could melt the red stones and form the softened mass into cups and bowls. Then they started to mine for copper and to make all sorts of implements and utensils out of it.

For thousand of years, copper remained the only workable metal known, for gold was not only too scarce to be considered but also too soft to be practical. Copper tools were probably used in building the great Egyptian pyramids.

Few people ever see pure copper or would recognize it if they did. It is a shining, silvery substance delicately tinted with pink that turns a deeper red when exposed to the air. The copper we generally see has a dull reddish-brown surface. This is an oxide formed when he metal combines with the oxygen of the air. Most of the world’s copper exists in combination with other substances from which it must be separated before it can be used. Often it is found combined with sulphur in what we call a sulphide ore. This sulphide ore may be combined with such substances as iron and arsenic and this makes the separation of the copper difficult.

Copper has many other virtues besides that of outlasting most other metals. It is tough, yet soft enough to be pulled and pounded and twisted into any shape. It is an excellent conductor of heat as well as of electricity. It can be carved or etched, but is not easily broken. And it can be combined with other metals to make such alloys as bronze and brass.

Vocabulary

to discover - открывать

dawn - заря

lump - кусок

grain - зерно

to pick up - подбирать

pretty - красивый

discovery - открытие

to beat - бить

weapon - оружие

to chip away flint - откалывать

to melt - плавиться

implement - инструмент

utensil - утварь

to remain - оставаться

scarce – редкий

to consider- полагать, рассматривать

tool - орудие

to recognize - узнавать

to tint - оттенять

dull - тусклый

to exist - существовать

to separate - отделять

virtue - достоинство

to pound – толочь, отбивать

twist - изгибать

to carve - вырезать

to etch - гравировать

brass - латунь

III. Answer the questions

1. What metal was discovered earlier: gold or copper?

2. When was copper used?

3. Where is copper found?

4. What discovery did the people make?

5. What did people discover later?

6. For how long did copper remain the only workable metal known?

7. Where were copper tools probably used?

8. What has a dull reddish-brown surface?

9. Where does most of the world’s copper exist?

10. What may be combined with iron?

11. What virtues does copper have?

IV. Complete the sentences

1. … it was used by Stone Age men.

2. Then they made the great discovery that ….

3. Then they started to mine for copper and ….

4. … in building the great Egyptian pyramids.

5..It is a shining, silvery substance delicately tinted with pink that …

6. Most of the world’s copper exists in ….

7. This sulphide ore may be ….

8. … that of outlasting most other metals.

9. It is an excellent conductor of heat as ….

10. … to make such alloys as bronze and brass.

UNIT 2

LEXICAL MATERIAL: MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS

Modern Building Materials (part A)

Some of the most important building materials are: timber, brick, stone, concrete, metal, plastics and glass.

Timber is provided by different kinds of trees. Timber used for building purposes is divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods. Timber is at present not so much used in building construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industry where it provides a number of valuable materials.

However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For the interior of buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of products.

A brick is best described as a “building unit”. It may be made of clay by moulding and baking is kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. There exists a variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes. The hand of the average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able to handle more than 500 bricks in an eight-hour working day.

The brick may be securely handed by placing the hand over the surface of the upper part of a brick and by placing the thumb centrally down the face of the brick with the first joints of the fingers on the opposite face. It is better to protect the thumb and the fingers with leather pads, which also prevent the skin from rough bricks.

Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite, and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings.

Natural stone is used for foundations and for the construction of dams. The main varieties of building stone are granite, basalt, marble, limestone and sandstone.

Aluminium, principally in the form of various alloys is highly valued for its durability and especially for its light weight, while brass is frequently used for decorative purposes in facing. Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for gird e rs, frames, etc.

 

Vocabulary

timber – строительный лес

brick - кирпич

stone - камень

railway - железнодорожный

valuable - ценный

to employ - применять

interior - интерьер

veneer - шпон

kiln – печь для обжига

mortar - раствор

sawdust – опилки

purpose – цель

hollow – полый

porous – пористый

average – средний

to handle - справляться, управляться, успевать

surface – поверхность

to protect – защищать

marble – мрамор

limestone – известняк

sandstone – песчаник

dam – дамба

foundations – фундамент, основа

alloy – сплав

decorative – декоративный

II. Answer the questions

1. What is provided by different kinds of trees?

2. Where can timber be used for?

3. Where is timber still employed as a building material?

4. What is best described as a “building unit”?

5. How many bricks can the average man handle in an eight-hour working day?

6. What materials are used for the construction of dams and foundations?

7. What materials are widely used for decorative purposes?

8. What are the main varieties of building stone?

9. Why is aluminium highly valued?

10. Where can steel be used?

 

IV. Complete the sentences

1. Some of the most important building materials are…

2. … is divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods.

3. Timber is still employed as …

4. A brick is …

5. There exists a variety of bricks for …

6. … are used for the construction of dams and foundations.

7. Natural stone is used for …

8. The main varieties of building stone are …

Modern Building Materials (part A)

Plastics are artificial materials used in construction work for a vast number of purposes. Nowadays plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic resins are the main raw material for plastics. Plastics have some good advantages as they are lighter than metals, not subject to corrosion. Besides they are inflammable, they can take any color and pattern, and they are good electrical insulators. More over, they possess a high resistance to chemical action.

A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design. But plastics are used now not only for decoration. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without any support. They can be worked with ordinary builders’ tools.

Laminate is a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper or textile impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat. Laminate had been developed for both inside and outside use. It resists severe weather conditions for more than ten years without serious deformation. As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work. Being used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface.

Foamed glass is a high-porosity heat insulating material, available in block made of fine-ground glass and a fronting agent. Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and in industrial construction.

Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapor and gas impermeability. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound adsorption, and it is easily sewn and nailed. Structural foamed glass blocks designed to fill ceilings and for making interior partitions in building and rooms, to ensure heat and sound insulation.

Vocabulary

artificial – искусственный

construction work – строительные работы

vast – громадный, обширный

branch – отрасль

coat – покрытие

advantage – преимущество

corrosion – коррозия

insulator – проводник

deformation – деформация

strength – сила

moisture – влага

vapor – пар

resistance – устойчивость

II. Answer the questions

1. What is a plastic?

2. Where can plastics be applied?

3. What are the main raw material for plastics?

4. What advantages does plastics have?

5. What have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design?

6. What is a laminate?

7. What properties does laminate have?

8. Where can laminate be applied?

9. What is a foamed glass?

10. Where can foamed glass be applied?

11. What properties does foamed glass have?

12. What are structural foamed glass blocks designed for?

IV. Complete the sentences

 

1. Plastics are artificial materials used …

2. … are the main raw material for plastics.

3. Plastics possess …

4. These materials are sufficiently rigid to …

5. … and subjected to heat.

6. Laminate resists …

7. Foamed glass is widely used in …

8. Structural foamed glass blocks designed to …

IX. Retell your report

GRAMMAR: PAST AND FUTURE PERFECT

Past Perfect Tense образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времени (had) и Participle II (3 форма глагола):

EXAMPLE: I had seen it. We have done it.

 

Вспомогательный глагол had используется для образования отрицательной и вопросительной формы.

Past Perfect Tense употребляется для:

· выражения действия, которое закончилось до определенного момента в прошлом. Этот момент может быть обозначен обстоятельством прошедшего времени или другим действием в прошлом.

EXAMPLE: She had finished reading the book by 9 o’clock;

· с глаголами, не имеющими формы продолженного времени, для выражения действия, которое началось до определенного момента в прошлом и все еще было в процессе в этот момент.

EXAMPLE: He realized he had been in love with her for a long time;

· для выражения двух прошедших действий, одно из которых находится в процессе, а второе завершилось к началу первого действия.

EXAMPLE: The sky had cleared and the moon was shining on the snow.

Future Perfect Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в будущем времени (shall/will have) и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола.

 

EXAMPLE: I shall have read the book by that time.

 

В вопросительных предложениях первый вспомогательный глагол выносится перед подлежащим:

EXAMPLE: Shall I have read the book by that time?

 

В отрицательных предложениях отрицательная частица not следует за первым вспомогательным глаголом:

EXAMPLE: I shall not have read the book by that time.

Future Perfect Tense выражает действие, которое закончится до определенного момента в будущем. Этот будущий момент может быть выражен в предложении либо обстоятельством будущего времени, либо придаточным предложением времени.

Это время употребляется с обстоятельствами: by that time, by then, by Sunday, by now, by the end of year, by summer.

EXERCISES

NICKEL

 

Nickel forms many alloys which are used in hundreds of industries in many ways. It is one of the most useful metals known to man. But in early times, when chemists first tried to work with it, it gave them a great deal of trouble. In fact, the word nickel is derived from the German word.

Nickel is found in meteorites, and it is sometimes found in the free state in small quantities. But the greatest supply of nickel is obtained from certain ores, especially one called pyrrhotite, which is a mineral containing iron, copper and nickel. Canada is the greatest of all nickel-producing countries.

The ore containing nickel is usually heated in a blast furnace to obtain a rich mixture. This is then reduced to nickel by mixing it with coke and heating it in a blast furnace.

Nickel is silvery, lustrous, hard, and malleable, which means it can be easily worked and shaped. And nickel is one of the most magnetic materials known, unless heated.

We seldom see pure nickel except when it is used as a coating on other metals. This is then called nickel-plate. It protects other metals from rust or tarnish, and gives them a better wearing surface.

Most of nickel produced is used in alloys or in a mixture with other metals. For instance, when alloyed with copper, it is used in coins. When it is alloyed with three parts of copper and one of zinc, nickel forms a bright silvery metal known as German silver or nickel silver. This is used for making tableware and as a base for silver plated ware.

But these uses of nickel are relatively minor. Most nickel goes into the making of nickel steel, an alloy which can withstand repeated strains. It is used in structural work, bridges, railroad rails at curves, rivets, locomotive boilers, automatic gears and axles.

 

Vocabulary

alloy – сплав

useful – полезный

trouble – неприятность

quantity – количество

supply – поставка

to obtain – получать

ore – руда

to heat – подогревать

blast furnace – доменная печь

to reduce – восстанавливать

coke – кокс

lustrous – блестящий

malleable – ковкий

pure – чистый

coating – покрытие

rust – ржавчина

tarnish – потемнение

coin – монета

tableware – столовые принадлежности

to withstand – выдерживать

curve – кривизна

rivet – заклепка

gear – привод

axle - подшипник

II. Answer the questions

1. What does nickel form?

2. Where is the word nickel derived from?

3. Where is nickel found?

4. Where is the greatest supply of nickel obtained?

5. What country is the greatest of all nickel-producing countries?

6. What is usually heated in a blast furnace?

7. Where can nickel be used?

 

IV. Complete the sentences

1. Nickel forms many alloys which …

2. …is derived from the German word.

3. Nickel is found in meteorites, and …

4. The ore containing nickel is …

5. … which means it can be easily worked and shaped.

6. We seldom see pure nickel except when …

7. Most of nickel produced is used in …

8. … and as a base for silver plated ware.

 

VII. Retell the text

***

PLATINUM

Platinum is an amazing metal. It is grayish white in color, and its name come from the Spanish word ‘plata’ and means “little silver”. Platinum is harder than copper and almost as pliable as gold. A cube of platinum measuring a foot each way would have a weight of more than half a ton! Platinum is almost twice as heavy as lead.

Platinum is usually found in ores often mixed with the rare metals palladium, rhodium, iridium, and osmium, which are called “platinum metals”. Occasionally it is found with metals such as gold, copper, silver, iron, chromium, and nickel. It is found in the form of small grains, scales, or nuggets.

Large deposits of platinum were first discovered in South America in the eighteen century. For a great many years it was considered quite useless, and so it was cheap. Then, when people began to find how useful this metal could be, and since it is quite rare, the price went up to the point where that cube of platinum mentioned above would have been worth $2500000.

What makes platinum especially useful is that it resists oxidation, acids, and heat. The melting point of platinum is about 3190 degrees Fahrenheit! For most purposes, platinum is mixed with one of the other platinum metals or with silver, gold, copper, nickel or tin.

 

Vocabulary

amazing – удивительный

gray – серый

hard – твердый

pliable – гибкий

to measure – измерять

weight – вес

heavy – тяжелый

lead – свинец

rare – редкий

nugget – самородок

deposit – месторождение

cheap – дешевый

acid – кислота

tin - олово

II. Answer the questions

1. What color does platinum have?

2. Where did platinum get its name?

3. What qualities does platinum have?

4. Where can platinum be found?

5. What was first discovered in South America in the eighteen century?

6. How much did platinum worth $2500000?

7. What makes platinum especially useful?

IV. Complete the sentences

1. Platinum is harder than …

2. Platinum is usually found in …

3. Large deposits of platinum were first discovered in …

4. The melting point of platinum is …

VII. Retell the text

 

UNIT 3

LEXICAL MATERIAL: BUILDING PROFESSIONS

Building Professions

 

There are many building professions: carpenter and joiner, bricklayer, mason, slater and tiler, plumber, electrician, house painter, glazier, floor and wall tiler, plasterer, paper hanger, steeplejack, hot and cold water fitter and so on.

Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork. He renders brickwork, including the insides. A sewer and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer.

Carpenter is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and window frames and other wallboard. He builds and dismantles wood or metal formwork. Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench of wood that has been cut and shaped by the machinists. Mason is a stone worker or stone setter. In Scotland and the USA a bricklayer is usually a mason. Plasterer is a tradesman who may be a fibrous plasterer or a plasterer in solid work.

A construction manager provides services similar to those of general constructor, but represents client’s interest during all phases of the building process – design as well as construction. Also he is responsible for the safety of workers on the construction site.

 

A civil engineer constructs and reconstructs residential and industrial buildings, bridges, schools, museums, theatres, power stations, kindergartens, dams and irrigation systems. Civil engineers and architects must have some knowledge of sculpture, painting, design, mechanical engineering, geography, city planning, etc.

 

Civil engineers and architects have the main aim – to provide people with all modern conveniences, such as – running water, gas, electricity, central heating and so on. Besides, they must create attractive structures. It is the duty of an engineer to design the project, which will satisfy the needs of the occupants at the lowest practical cost. Civil engineer must not only help to fulfill construction programs but carry out scientific and research work to improve building materials and methods.

Vocabulary

carpenter - плотник, столяр

joiner - кабельщик, монтер, столяр

bricklayer - каменщик

mason - каменщик

slater - кровельщик

tiler - кровельщик, плиточник

plumber - сантехник

electrician - электрик

house painter - маляр

glazier - глазировщик

floor and wall tiler - укладчик стен и полов

plasterer - штукатур

paper hanger - обойщик

steeplejack - верхолаз

hot and cold water fitter – сантехник, теплотехник

tradesman - работник, рабочий

civil engineer - гражданский инженер

III. Answer the questions

 

1. What building professions do you know?

2. Who is a bricklayer?

3. What does a carpenter do?

4. How does a joiner work?

5. How is a bricklayer called in Scotland and the USA?

6. What does a plasterer do?

7. What job does a construction manager do?

8. What is a construction manager responsible for?

9. What is a responsibility of a civil engineer?

10. What knowledge must civil engineers and architects have?

11. What is the main aim of civil engineers and architects?

12. What is the duty of an engineer?

 

IV. Complete the sentences

 

1. Bricklayer is a tradesman ….

2. Carpenter is a man who ….

3. Joiner is a man who …

4. In Scotland and the USA a bricklayer is ….

5. Plasterer is a tradesman who ….

6. Civil engineers and architects must have some knowledge of ….

7. Civil engineers and architects have the main aim ….

8. Civil engineer must not only help to fulfill construction programs but ….

 

V. Make up short dialogues with your group mate on the topic “Building professions”. One of you is a student that is having a practice course on a plant, the other one is a tutor. A student is to ask his tutor about 2 –3 building professions he is interested in, the tutor is to give as much information as he/she can.

Active Voice

Indefinite write

Continuous be writing

Perfect have written

Perfect Continuous have been writing

Passive Voice

Indefinite be written

Perfect have been written

 

Инфинитив имеет ещё другие синтаксические функции.

1) Инфинитив может быть определением, заменяющим целое придаточное предложение.

EXAMPLE: Captain Petrov was the last to leave the ship (=who left the ship).

2) Инфинитив может быть обстоятельством цели, заменяющим обстоятельственное предложение цели:

EXAMPLE: She brought the fountain pen to have no difficulty in writing (=lest she should have difficulty in writing).

 

Инфинитив с частицей to употребляется в большом количестве случаев. Инфинитив без to употребляется в следующих случаях:

1) после модальных глаголов can, must, may и модальных выражений should better, should rather:

EXAMPLE: She can play the violin. EXAMPLE: You should better consult the dictionary.

2) В сложном дополнении, после глаголов see, hear, itch, feel, make, let

EXAMPLE: I saw him play football.

The teacher made them copy the exercises.

Let me go, please!

EXERCISES

Vocabulary

to terrify – вызывать страх

mysterious – таинственный

power – сила

to suck – засасывать

victim – жертва

to disappear – исчезать

to deal with - иметь дело с

to hurt – причинять вред

light – легкий

loose – рыхлый

ordinary – обычный

to support – поддерживать

to occur – встречаться

mouth – устье

flat – плоский

layer – слой

stiff – плотный

clay – глина

to drain away – течь

current – поток

grain – зерно

angular – остроугольный

sharp – острый

to tend to – стремиться к

pebble – галька

mud – глина, ил

to sink - тонуть

to float – погружаться

to separate – разделять

II. Answer the questions

 

1. Why were people terrified of quicksand for centuries?

2. What is a quicksand?

3. Where does quicksand usually occur?

4. How are the grains of quicksand different from ordinary grains of sand?

5. What is not even made of sand?

6. Can people float higher in quicksand than they do it in water?

 

IV. Complete the sentences

1. It is supposed to have the mysterious power of …

2. … which is mixed with water.

3. Quicksand usually occurs …

4. This water may come from many different places, such as …

5. … so they tend to flow all over one another.

6. … do not sink out of sight.

7. Since it contains so much liquid …

8. The important thing is …

VII. Retell the text

***

Vocabulary

originally – первоначально

tiny – крошеный

cell – клетка

shell – оболочка

lime – известь

to die – умирать

to sink - опускать

floor - дно

thick - толстый

layer - слой

to build up – строить

to accomplish – выполнять

gradually – постепенно

limestone – известняк

disturbance – нарушение

surface – поверхность

bottom – дно

to cut away – вырезать

deposit – месторождение

to appear – появляться

fine – мелкий

to bind – связывать

to prevent – предотвращать

to crumblе – крошиться

putty – замазка

II. Answer the questions

1. What was chalk originally?

2. What is called “Foraminifera”?

3. What is lime?

4. What happens with “Foraminifera” when they die?

5. What is limestone?

6. Is the blackboard chalk pure limestone?

7. What kind of material is “whiting”?

8. Where can “whiting” be used?

IV. Complete the sentences

1. Practically no one can grow in the world today without …

2. The waters of our oceans are covered with …

3. … and compressed into a soft limestone which is called chalk.

4. Later the soft parts were cut away by water …

5. … were once under water.

6. Chalk in one form or another has been used by …

7. … is about 95 percent chalk.

8. When chalk is pulverized, washed, and filtered …

VI. Retell the text

UNIT 4

LEXICAL MATERIAL: CIVIL ENGINEERING

 

Vocabulary

application – применение

scientific – научный

engine – прибор

to execute - выполнять

branch – отрасль

nuclear – ядерный

mining – угольный

marine – морской

sanitary – санитарный

forces of nature – силы природы

to protect – защищать

to sustain - поддерживать, выдерживать

to distinguish – различать, называть

former – первый

latter – последний

to enrich – расширять

achievement – достижение

remarkable – значительный

invention – изобретение

growth – рост

subdivision – подразделение

narrow – узкий

 

III. Answer the questions

 

1. What does the term “engineering” mean in general?

2. What does the term “engineering” mean nowadays?

3. Where is the term “engineering” applied?

4. What are the most important branches of “engineering”?

5. When did “civil engineering” start developing?

6. What is important to know to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays?

7. When was the word “civil engineering” used for the first time?

8. What branches did civil engineering included?

9. How was the art of engineering enriched?

10. What happened with the beginning of the industrial revolution?

11. What happened with the development of science of electricity?

12. What appeared in the middle of the 20^th century?

13. What meanings does the term “civil engineering” have?

14. What are the fields of civil engineering?

VII. Retell the text

GRAMMAR: GERUND

 

Герундий — неличная форма глагола, которая имеется в английском, но отсутствует в русском языке. По своим функциям герундий совпадает во многом с инфинитивом, т. е. также имеет функции и существительного, и глагола.

 

Функции существительного у герундия следующие:

1) Герундий может быть подлежащим в предложении:

EXAMPLE: Talking with you is a real pleasure.

2) Герундий может быть в предложении прямым или предложным дополнением:

EXAMPLE: We like playing tennis.

3) Герундий может быть в предложении предикативным членом (именной частью составного сказуемого):

EXAMPLE: Her task was looking after small children.

 

Наряду с функциями существительного герундий имеет также и глагольные функции:

1) После герундия может стоять прямое дополнение:

EXAMPLE: After signing this document, the secretary went away.

2) Герундий определяется наречием:

EXAMPLE: I don't like walking slowly.

3) Герундий может быть частью сложного сказуемого:

EXAMPLE: The boy started running to the river.

Так же, как и инфинитив, герундий имеет временные глагольные формы:

Active Voice

Indefinite — reading

Perfect — having read

Passive Voice

Indefinite — being read

Perfect — having been read

В форме Indefinite герундий обозначает действие, одновременное с действием, выраженным глаголом в личной форме. В форме Perfect герундий обозначает действие совершённое ранее действия, выраженного глаголом в личной форме:

EXAMPLE: I like her reading it. Мне нравится, что она это читает.

I like her being asked every day. Мне нравится, что её спрашивают ежедневно.

I like her having read it yesterday. Мне нравится, что она прочитала это вчера.

I like her having been asked already. Мне нравится что её уже спросили.

Поскольку в русском языке нет соответствующей герундию формы, герундий переводится на русский язык инфинитивом, отглагольным существительным или придаточным предложением:

EXAMPLE: Smoking was strictly forbidden. Курить (курение) строго воспрещалось.

После многих глаголов в качестве прямого до­полнения может стоять только герундий (но не инфинитив):

 

EXAMPLE: To avoid — избегать; to delay — отсрочивать; to finish— кончать; to put off – откладывать, to go on, to keep on – продолжать; to give up — прекращать; to excuse — извинять; to mind — иметь против.

 

После ряда глаголов может стоять в качестве прямого дополнения, как герундий, так и инфинитив. Важнейшие из них следующие: to start, to begin – начинать; to continue – продолжать, to love – любить, to prefer— предпочитать, to intend — намереваться.

 

Употребление инфинитива или герундия после глаголов to stop, to remember и to forget меняет смысл всего предложения.

EXAMPLE: Не stopped smoking. Он перестал курить.

Не stopped to smoke. Он остановился, чтобы закурить

Не forgot opening the window. Он забыл, что открыл окно.

Не forgot to open the window. Он забыл открыть окно.

EXERCISES

 

Vocabulary

baker – пекарь

oven – печь

molten – расплавленный

tremendous – громадный

pressure – давление

pure – чистый

shade – оттенок

II. Answer the questions

1. What is a master baker?

2. What is marble in its purest form?

3. What gives it shades of pink, red, yellow, or brown?

4. What rocks are used in building?

5. What is a real marble?

6. Why can’t blusting be used?

7. Where are pieces of marble then placed on?

8. What is done to give it a smooth surface.

 

IV. Complete the sentences

 

1. Different colored crystals caught in the marble …

2. … are often called, marble.

3. Real marble however is limestone that …

4. Some of these slots may be …

5. Blusting cannot be used because …

6. … is set to work on the rough stone.

7. … is used instead of a solid blade.

8. … is done by a mixture of tin oxide and oxalic acid.

 

VII. Retell the text

***

Vocabulary

invention – изобретение

actually – на самом деле

temple – храм

to torch – освещать

wick – фитиль

to protect – защищать

to lit – зажигать

to preserve – хранить

ash – пепел

tablecloth – скатерть

to launder – стирать

to burn off – выжигать

stain – пятно

strength – прочность

fiber – волокно

valuable – ценный

to spin – прясть

thread – нить

sheet – полотнище

II. Answer the questions

1. What do many people think about asbestos?

2. How was asbestos used in ancient temples?

3. How did the Romans use asbestos 2000 years ago?

4. What is a legend of Charlemagne about?

5. How is it applied now?

6. What do asbestos consist of?

7. Who wears complete outfits made of asbestos?

8. Where is asbestos found?

 

IV. Complete the sentences

1. Many people think asbestos is …

2. The Romans used asbestos 2000 years ago for …

3. Asbestos is a Greek word that means …

4. From the chemical point of view, asbestos usually consists of …

5. … can be spun into yarn or thread.

6. Asbestos can withstand temperatures of …

 

VII. Retell the text

UNIT 5

LEXICAL MATERIAL: ENGINEERING COMPONENTS

Hand Tools

In all professions and trades the beginner must first acquaint himself with the various tools he will meet and must also learn their different forms and uses. The working place of the tradesman is a specially designed table with vice and drawing boxes to keep tools. The vice is secured to the table and is used to hold an object in position.