VII. Read and translate the text

Concrete is perhaps the most widely spread building material used nowadays. Concrete is an artificial stone, made by thoroughly mixing such natural ingredients or aggregates as cement, sand, and gravel or broken stone together with sufficient water to produce a mixture of the proper consistency. It has many valuable properties. It sets under water, can be poured into moulds so as to get almost any desirable form, and together with steel in reinforced concrete it has very high strength, and also resists fire. Prestressed concrete is most widely used at present while prefabricated blocks are employed on vast scale for skeleton structures.

Aggregates are defined as a mass of practically inert mineral materials, which, when surrounded and bonded together by an active binder, form the rock. This rock is denoted by the general term concrete. Aggregates have three principal functions in the concrete: they provide relatively cheap filler for the concreting material, or binder; they provide a mass of particles which are suitable for resisting the action of applied lads, of abrasion, of percolation of moisture through the mass, and of climate factors; they reduce volume changers resulting from the action of the setting and hardening of the concrete mass.

VIII. Write a report on the topic “Modern Building materials”

IX. Retell your report

GRAMMAR: PAST AND FUTURE PERFECT

Past Perfect Tense образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времени (had) и Participle II (3 форма глагола):

EXAMPLE: I had seen it. We have done it.

 

Вспомогательный глагол had используется для образования отрицательной и вопросительной формы.

Past Perfect Tense употребляется для:

· выражения действия, которое закончилось до определенного момента в прошлом. Этот момент может быть обозначен обстоятельством прошедшего времени или другим действием в прошлом.

EXAMPLE: She had finished reading the book by 9 o’clock;

· с глаголами, не имеющими формы продолженного времени, для выражения действия, которое началось до определенного момента в прошлом и все еще было в процессе в этот момент.

EXAMPLE: He realized he had been in love with her for a long time;

· для выражения двух прошедших действий, одно из которых находится в процессе, а второе завершилось к началу первого действия.

EXAMPLE: The sky had cleared and the moon was shining on the snow.

Future Perfect Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в будущем времени (shall/will have) и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола.

 

EXAMPLE: I shall have read the book by that time.

 

В вопросительных предложениях первый вспомогательный глагол выносится перед подлежащим:

EXAMPLE: Shall I have read the book by that time?

 

В отрицательных предложениях отрицательная частица not следует за первым вспомогательным глаголом:

EXAMPLE: I shall not have read the book by that time.

Future Perfect Tense выражает действие, которое закончится до определенного момента в будущем. Этот будущий момент может быть выражен в предложении либо обстоятельством будущего времени, либо придаточным предложением времени.

Это время употребляется с обстоятельствами: by that time, by then, by Sunday, by now, by the end of year, by summer.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Make up your own sentences with Past Perfect Tense and Future Perfect Tense

EXERCISE 2. Translate into Russian using Past Perfect Tense

 

1. The builders had finished the work by the end of the day. 2. The train had left by the time we reached the station. 3. She had typed the text and was looking through the files. 4. The policeman asked me if I had seen the accident. 5. He explained that he couldn’t pay as he had spent all his money. 6. The teacher asked if we had understood everything. 7. We learned that Nick had been ill since he returned from a business trip. 8. They were good friends. They had known each other foe a long time. 9. The work was much more difficult than we had expected. 10. They left after we had discussed the problem.

 

EXERCISE 3. Open the brackets giving the right form of the infinitive

 

1. The plane not (to land) yet, but a lot of people (to wait) in the terminal. 2. When I (to wake up) in the morning, the rain (to stop) already, and the birds (to sing). 3. My neighbor (to be) back some two months before I (to see) him. 4. Hardly he (to open) the file, when he (to find) the information which he needed. 5. The book turned out to be much more interesting than I (to expect). 6. We wondered if they (to get) our message. 7. Even thought the house (to be) empty for two years, it (to be) in good condition. 8. The patient thanked the doctor for all the attention he (to give) him for the past six months. 9. He was happy. His dream (to come) true. 10. The room looked beautiful, as she (to change) the furniture and the curtains.

 

EXERCISE 4. Join the sentences like it is shown in the example:

Helen finished the work. Then she went out.

Helen went out after she had finished her work.

1. She did all the homework. Then she went for a walk. 2. The bell rang. Then the students entered the classroom. 3. Sally spent all the money in her purse. Then she left the shop. 4. The clock struck nine. Then Jack woke up. 5. Andrew saved some money. Then he got married. 6. He lost all his money. Then he stopped playing cards. 7. I read the newspaper from the beginning to the end. Then I went to sleep. 8. The sun set. Then the farmers stopped working. 9. We answered all the questions. Then we left home. 10. Little Marie said “Please”. Then I gave her some chocolate.

 

EXERCISE 5. Translate into English using Past Perfect Tense

 

1. Они обсуждали новости, которые только что получили. 2. Она приготовила все к пяти часам и ждала гостей. 3. Секретарь сообщил, что отправил факс в Нью-Йорк. 4. Он сожалел, что отказался от приглашения. 5. Когда мы пришли в театр, спектакль уже начался. 6. Я думала о том, что он мне рассказал. 7. Мальчики перестали играть в футбол и медленно шли домой. 8. Мы были удивлены, что он получил эту работу. 9. Он сказал, что только что вернулся из Китая. 10. Дети потеряли собаку и искали ее в саду.

 

EXERCISE 6. Open the brackets giving the right form of the infinitive. Translate into Russian.

 

A rich American (to go) to Paris and (to buy) there a very strange picture which was painted by a fashionable modern artist. The American (to think) that the picture was fine because he (to pay) a lot of money for it. When he (to come) back to his hotel, he (to try) to hang it, but he (can) not (to say) which the top or which the bottom of the picture (to be). So he thought of a plan. He (to hang) the painting in the dining-room and invited the artist to dinner. When the artist came, they (to sit) down to dinner. While they (to eat) the artist looked at the picture several times but (to say) nothing. It seemed that he never (to see) it before. The American thought: “If he not (to recognize) his work, I (to ask) him about it myself.” But at that time the artist (to rise) from his chair and came up to the painting and said: “What you (to do) with my picture?” You (to put) it upside down!” The American smiled: “Why you not (to tell) me about it at once?” “Well, you see, I wasn’t sure myself at first, but now I must say that we both (to make) a mistake.”

 

EXERCISE 7. Translate into Russian.

1. We shall have left by the time you arrive. 2. They will have repaired your car by then. 3. The decorator will have painted the room by Tuesday. 4. I'll already have done the work by the time you come back. 5. I still won't have finished reading the book by four o'clock. 6.He will have left by now. 7. Will you have written the essay by tomorrow? 8. We shall have arranged everything by that time.

EXERCISE 8. Translate into English using Future Perfect Tense

1. Завтра к двум часам мы уже сдадим все экзаме­ны. 2. К тому времени, как вы вернетесь, я уже уеду. 3. Если вы позвоните в восемь часов, то они еще не приедут. 4. Они надеются, что отремонтируют кварти­ру к осени. 5. Мы напишем статью к утру, но мы не закончим иллюстрации. 6. Я окончу школу к лету. 7.Надеюсь, что я найду работу к концу года. 8. Мы уверены, что узнаем новости к вечеру. 9. Если вы при­дете до девяти часов утра, то они еще не уйдут. 10. Она уже накроет на стол до того, как придут гости.

ADDITIONAL STUDY: NICKEL. PLATINUM.

I. Read and translate the text

NICKEL

 

Nickel forms many alloys which are used in hundreds of industries in many ways. It is one of the most useful metals known to man. But in early times, when chemists first tried to work with it, it gave them a great deal of trouble. In fact, the word nickel is derived from the German word.

Nickel is found in meteorites, and it is sometimes found in the free state in small quantities. But the greatest supply of nickel is obtained from certain ores, especially one called pyrrhotite, which is a mineral containing iron, copper and nickel. Canada is the greatest of all nickel-producing countries.

The ore containing nickel is usually heated in a blast furnace to obtain a rich mixture. This is then reduced to nickel by mixing it with coke and heating it in a blast furnace.

Nickel is silvery, lustrous, hard, and malleable, which means it can be easily worked and shaped. And nickel is one of the most magnetic materials known, unless heated.

We seldom see pure nickel except when it is used as a coating on other metals. This is then called nickel-plate. It protects other metals from rust or tarnish, and gives them a better wearing surface.

Most of nickel produced is used in alloys or in a mixture with other metals. For instance, when alloyed with copper, it is used in coins. When it is alloyed with three parts of copper and one of zinc, nickel forms a bright silvery metal known as German silver or nickel silver. This is used for making tableware and as a base for silver plated ware.

But these uses of nickel are relatively minor. Most nickel goes into the making of nickel steel, an alloy which can withstand repeated strains. It is used in structural work, bridges, railroad rails at curves, rivets, locomotive boilers, automatic gears and axles.

 

Vocabulary

alloy – сплав

useful – полезный

trouble – неприятность

quantity – количество

supply – поставка

to obtain – получать

ore – руда

to heat – подогревать

blast furnace – доменная печь

to reduce – восстанавливать

coke – кокс

lustrous – блестящий

malleable – ковкий

pure – чистый

coating – покрытие

rust – ржавчина

tarnish – потемнение

coin – монета

tableware – столовые принадлежности

to withstand – выдерживать

curve – кривизна

rivet – заклепка

gear – привод

axle - подшипник

II. Answer the questions

1. What does nickel form?

2. Where is the word nickel derived from?

3. Where is nickel found?

4. Where is the greatest supply of nickel obtained?

5. What country is the greatest of all nickel-producing countries?

6. What is usually heated in a blast furnace?

7. Where can nickel be used?